Behind Communism

Behind Communism

By Frank L. Britton (Probably published in 1952)

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COMMUNISM

By Frank L. Britton

with special update by Lawrence Patterson

To understand the total problem of
Communism it is necessary that we trace the
course of the movement from it's beginning
down to the present. We must understand
who it's originators were, and what they
were, and we must gain some idea as to the
forces which influenced and shaped their
philosophy.

Unfortunately, any deep-down discussion of
Communism and Marxism involves the
Jewish question. We cannot honestly discuss
the subject without revealing— and
commenting on— the fact that the founders
of Russian Communism were Jewish.
Neither can we ignore the fact that all but a
few of the top leadership of the American
Communism party— including the recently
convicted spies— are of the same race. These
are facts of history over which we have no
control. But we are faced with the very
serious problem of how to reveal these facts
without being labeled— and treated— as "anti-
Semites."

Contents

1. THE PERSECUTION MYTH

2. THE JEW IN EUROPE

3. RETURN TO THE EAST

4. THE RENAISSANCE

5. THE TERROR SECTION

6. BLOODY SUNDAY

7. PETERSBERG SOVIET

8. REVOLUTION

9. HISTORY OF BOLSHEVISM

10. MORE PETERSBERG SOVIET

11. SIXTH PARTY CONGRESS

12. TROTZKY TO POWER

13. CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY

14. THE RED TERROR

15. BELA RUN

16. STALINS PAST

17. KAGANOVICH

18. IRON CURTAIN DICTATORS

19. JEWS IN AMERICA

20. NEW YORK: Jewish World Capital

21. THE TREASON TRIALS

22. COMMUNISM IN HOLLYWOOD

The main reason why so little is known concerning the true nature of Communism
stems from this problem. Historical writers have been understandably reluctant to hold
forth on the subject for fear of marking themselves as "race haters" and "bigots." For this
reason the entire subject has been placed beyond the pale of discussion. One simply
does not use the word "Jew" and "Communism" together.

The result is, of course, censorship. In this work we have decided to breach the wall of
silence at whatever the cost, and to treat the subject as fairly and as honestly as we know
how. No attempt is made to single out individuals because they happened to be born to a
certain race: neither have we exempted anyone from criticism for that reason. It was
decided that since Communism and Judaism are so irretrievably bound one to the other,
a history of the Jewish people would contribute substantially to an understanding of the
present communist menace.

NOTE [BY FRANK BRITTON]:

Encyclopedia Britannica is used as a reference source because of its ready availability to
the average reader. It is not an "anti-Semitic" publication. In fact, the Encyclopedia
Britannica Corporation was purchased by the (Jewish) Julius Rosenwald interests in
1920, and since then all material pertaining to the Jewish question his been re-written
to conform to the Jewish outlook.

The Funk & Wagnall's Jewish Encyclopedia is uniformly referred to throughout this
work as the "Jewish Encyclopedia. " Consisting of 12 volumes, it is available in all major
libraries. It should not be confused with the 10 volume "Universal Jewish
Encyclopedia, " published by Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Inc., New York, 1939.
Both, however, are authoritative Jewish publications, compiled by and for Jews.

Valentine's Jewish Encyclopedia, Shapiro Valentine Co., London - 1938. England.

Outline of History, third edition, by H. G. Wells.

THE PERSECUTION MYTH

With Shrill Insistence

We cannot undertake even this brief history of the modern Jew without taking note of a
phenomenon which has confounded gentile societies for twenty centuries. This is the
ability of the Jewish people to collectively retain their identity despite centuries of
exposure to Christian civilization. To any student of Judaism, or to the Jews themselves,
this phenomenon is partly explained by the fact that Judaism is neither mainly a
religion nor mainly a racial matter, nor yet is it simply a matter of nationality. Rather it
is all three; it is a kind of trinity. Judaism is best described as a nationality built on the
twin pillars of race and religion.

All this is closely related to another aspect of Judaism, namely, the persecution myth.
Since first appearing in history we find the Jews propagating the idea that they are an
abused and persecuted people, and this idea is, and has always been, central in Jewish
thinking. The myth of persecution is the adhesive and cement of Judaism; without it
Jews would have long since ceased to exist, their racial-religious nationality
notwithstanding .

Jews do not always agree among themselves, and it is only in the presence of their
enemies— real or imagined— that Jewish thinking crystallizes into unanimity. In this
respect they differ not at all from other peoples: Adolph Hitler solidified German
opinion around the idea that Germany was wronged at Versailles, that the German
people were abused and victimized by the Allies, and that only by holding together could
they prevail against the overwhelming might of their enemies ...

For twenty-five centuries the Jewish mind has been conditioned by the same appeal.
Through all Jewish thinking and all Jewish history the refrain of persecution has
sounded with shrill insistence. Thus we find every accident of fortune being chronicled,
enhanced, and passed on to succeeding generations as another example of gentile
cruelty to the chosen race. And almost inevitably we find opposition to Jewish
aspirations and ambitions being translated into these same terms of persecution, and all
Jewish shortcomings being excused on the same basis.

Now it is a fact that the Jewish people have suffered numerous hardships in the course
of their history, but this is true of other peoples too. The chief difference is that the Jews

have kept score— they have made a tradition of persecution. A casual slaughter of
Christians is remembered by no one in 50 years, but a disability visited upon a few Jews
is preserved forever in Jewish histories. And they tell their woes not only to themselves,
but to a sympathetic world as well ...

THE JEW IN EUROPE

Even The Coins Were Jewish

We find the first Jews filtering into Europe some time before the Christian era,
particularly in the region of Greece. The ancient Greeks spoke of these Asiatic invaders
with considerable bitterness. Very quickly they spread throughout the Roman Empire
and into Europe proper. The Jewish merchant, artisan, and slave trader appear on the
Roman scene with increasing frequency after the second century AD. and there can be
no doubt that their position in the Roman world was one of growing importance even as
the Empire drifted to destruction. Under Justinian, says the Jewish Encyclopedia,

"They enjoyed full religious liberty, in return for which they assumed all a citizen's
duty toward the state; minor offices were also open to them. Only the synagogues
were exempt from the duty of quartering soldiers. The trade in slaves constituted the
main source of livelihood for the Roman Jews, and decrees against this traffic were
issued in 335, 336, 339, 384, etc. "

[Funk & Wagnall's Jewish Encyclopedia, page 460, vol. 10]

Seneca, in his writings, bitterly assailed the Romans of his day for aping the Jews, and
some historians (notably Gibbon in his monumental Decline and Fall of the Roman
Empire) have ascribed the downfall of Rome to their corrupting influence. Nero's wife,
Poppaea, was a converted Jewess. As Rome reeled into decline and final collapse, and as
the Dark Ages descended over Western civilization, we find the Jew taking a strangle-
hold over what remained of European commerce. Says Encyclopedia Britannica:

". . . there was an inevitable tendency for him to specialize in commerce, for which his
acumen and ubiquity gave him special qualifications. In the dark ages the commerce of
western Europe was largely in his hands, in particular the slave trade, and in
Carolingian cartularies Jew and merchant are used as almost interchangeable terms. "

[Encyclopedia Britannica, page 57, vol. 13—1947.]

This hold over European commerce finally became so utterly complete that few gentiles
engaged in trade at all; it had become almost entirely a Jewish monopoly. In Poland and
Hungary, the coins bore Jewish inscriptions ...

Throughout the Medieval period, ["Dark Ages," "Medieval Period," and "Middle Ages"
are synonymous terms used to describe the period of decline which characterized
western civilization between 500-1300 A.D.] which lasted from 500 AD. to 1300 A.D.,
the Jew merchant was dominant all over Europe (except Scandinavia, where he was

never permitted to enter) and this dominance included control over the eastern trade
routes to the Levant. There was to be no relief from this situation until the Jews were
evicted from Europe in the century directly preceding the Renaissance.

In 1215 the Catholic Church, at the Fourth Lateran Council, broke the back of European
Jewry with a set of restrictions designed to curb their commercial monopoly. These
decrees restricted Jews to residence in their own communities, prohibited absolutely
their hiring of Christian employees and prohibited them from engaging in many types of
commercial activity.

Expelled

The Fourth Lateran Council restricted Jewish commercial advantage but it did not end
the Jewish problem. Beginning in the latter part of the 13th century, one European
country after another expelled its Jewish population as the only final solution to the
problem. First to take the step was England which banned them in 1290. Fifteen years
later in 1306 the French followed suit. In steady succession the various states of Europe
emulated this example with Spain being one of the last to enforce the ban in 1492. The
situation in Spain is worth noting. Says Encyclopedia Britannica: [page 57, vol. 13 -
1947]:

"... The 14th century was the golden age of their history in Spain. In 1391 the preaching
of a priest of Seville, Fernando Martenez, led to the first general massacre of the Jews
who were envied for their prosperity and hated because they were the king's tax
collectors. "

Ferdinand and Isabella, after uniting Spain and driving out the Moors turned their
attention to the Jewish problem, with the result that they were evicted completely in
1492. In 1498 Portugal evicted its Jewish population also.

The Exploiters

A great deal has been said about the "persecution" of the Jews in Europe and elsewhere,
and they have pretty well convinced the world (or at least Americans) that these
hardships were inflicted on an innocent people. But these rich Spanish Jews we see
being evicted in 1492 were not down-trodden folk. They were the wealthy, the
privileged, the exploiters: they were the well-fed merchants and the gouging tax
collectors ...

So it was in Portugal; in that country we find that the deportation of the Jews ...

"deprived Portugal of its middle class and its most scientific traders and financiers. "

[Encyclopedia Britannica, page 279, vol. 18 - 1947.]

Undeniably this class of traders and financiers was put to hardship by this banishment,
but it does not follow that they were victims of discrimination in the accepted sense, nor

were they underprivileged in any way. Rather we see a wealthy merchant group being
ousted from its seat of vested privilege by a thoroughly outraged, and a thoroughly
exploited Christian society ...

The situation in England was similar. The Jews had come to England in the wake of the
Norman conquest and had quickly gained a position of wealth and prosperity. Says
Valentine's Jewish Encyclopedia of this period:

"Their numbers and prosperity increased, Aaron of Lincoln being the wealthiest man
in England in his time ... his financial transactions covering the whole country and
concerning many of the leading nobles and churchmen ... On his death his property
passed to the crown and a special branch of the exchequer had to be created to deal
with it."

^^ England

England, ironically enough, was the last country to be invaded by the Jews and the first
to evict them. After the Fourth Lateran Council the Jews had become increasingly
difficult to deal with and there were a number of anti -Jewish riots. Perplexed by the
problem posed by this alien minority which seemed well on its way to corralling the
kingdom's wealth, and failing in an attempt to force its assimilation. Edward I
confiscated all Jewish wealth and evicted them permanently in 1290. Not until 1655 was
a Jew legally permitted to re-enter England. Britain thus established the precedent for
the later eviction which soon followed on the continent.

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France

In France too the Jews were dominant in trade and finance and had been since before
Charlemagne's time. Under Philip the Fair (1285-1314) one of the last, and certainly one
of the greatest of the Capetian line, France had become the greatest power in Europe. It
was Philip's need for money which led him to seize Jewish wealth and drive them from
the country. He had already before 1306 taken desperate measures to raise money,
which was in short supply, by forbidding the export of gold and silver from France. The
same need for money brought him into conflict with the Templars, whose wealth he also
seized. But it was the Jews who controlled the greatest supply of floating wealth. In 1306
Philip solved his financial problem— and France's Jewish problem— by expropriating
their wealth and evicting them. Thus ended the centuries-long commercial dominance
of the Jew in France. Later a few were permitted to return and these were in turn ejected
in 1394-

RETURN TO THE EAST

The Evictions

Space does not permit a detailed discussion of the other evictions which followed and
which resulted in the banishment of the Jews from virtually every country in Western

Europe in the succeeding centuries but here in chronological order is a list of the
evictions:

ENGLAND
FRANCE

Jews expelled in 1290 by Edward I. Not permitted to re-enter till 1655.

SAXONY:
HUNGARY:

Expelled in 1306 by Philip the Fair. A few were permitted to return but were
again evicted in 1394. Jewish settlements remained in Bordeaux, Avignon,
Marseilles, (from where they were evicted in 1682) and in the northern
province of Alsace.

Expelled in 1349.

By 1092 the Jews were in control of Hungary's tax collections. In 1360 they
were expelled but later returned. In 1582 they were again expelled from the
Christian part of Hungary.

BELGIUM:

Expelled in 1370. A few settled there again in 1450, but no large numbers
came till 1700.

SLOVAKIA:

Ousted from Prague in 1380. Many settled there again after 1562. In 1744
Marie Theresa expelled them again.

AUSTRIA:

Expelled in 1420 by Albrecht V.

NETHERLANDS

: Expelled from Utrecht in 1444.

SPAIN:

Expelled in 1492.

LITHUANIA:

Expelled in 1495 by Grand Duke Alexander. They later returned.

PORTUGAL:

Expelled in 1498.

PRUSSIA:

Expelled in 1510.

ITALY:

Expelled from Kingdom of Naples and Sardinia in 1540.

BAVARIA:

Banned permanently in 1551.

Jews were not permitted to enter Sweden until 1782. None were permitted to enter
Denmark before the 17th century and they were not allowed in Norway after 1814. Today
only a handful reside in all Scandinavia.

^* Back to Poland

By 1500 all of Western Europe except northern Italy, parts of Germany, and the Papal
possessions around Avignon, had been rid of the Jewish invasion. For a while, at least,
Europe was free of the Jews; not until 1650 did they return in any numbers. Says
Encyclopedia Britannica: [page 57-58, vol. 13 - 1947.]

"The great mass of the Jewish people were thus to be found once more in the East, in
the Polish and Turkish empires . . The few communities suffered to remain in western
Europe were meanwhile subjected at last to all the restrictions which earlier ages had
usually allowed to remain as an ideal; so that in a sense, the Jewish dark ages may be
said to begin with the Renaissance. "

THE RENAISSANCE

As the Jew Departed ...

The period marked by the evictions— 1300 to 1650— also marks the period of the
Renaissance which broke over Europe as the Jews departed. Starting at first in the
trading cities of northern Italy in about 1300, there began a great rebirth of culture and
learning which at first was based almost entirely on the writings of the ancient Greeks
and Romans. Very quickly this renascent culture spread over Europe and when the age
had ended, in about 1650, Europe was by comparison with her former status,
enlightened and civilized. Quite obviously all this could not have taken place had it not
been for a great upsurge of commercial activity which occurred simultaneously with,
and as an adjunct of, the Renaissance. Not until the nations of Europe had wrested
commercial control from the ghetto did this rebirth of western civilization occur.

The Ghettos

"Wherever Jews have settled, since the beginning of the Diaspora, they have proceeded
to create their own communal organizations. Various factors of an internal
character— religious, cultural, social, and economic— as well as external factors, have
contributed to this factor"

(Page 201, The Jewish People, Past and Present, by the Central Yiddish Culture
Organization (CYCO), New York).

It is virtually impossible to comprehend the character of Judaism without some
knowledge of the nature of the Medieval Jewish community. (Kahal; Ghetto). Probably
one of the commonest fallacies extant today concerns the true origin of the ghetto. Most
history books defer to Jewish sensibilities by giving the Jewish version, namely that the
Jewish people were for centuries forced to reside in a special quarter of the city as a
result of the bigotry and intolerance of the Christian majority. This is not true, and no
scholar of Judaism believes it to be.

Valentine's Jewish Encyclopedia describes the origin of the ghetto as follows:

"At any rate the word became general for a Jew's quarter. Already in antiquity the
Jews voluntarily occupied special quarters; In the Middle Ages, Jew's streets or
Jewries were to be found from the end of the nth century, but the motive of their
concentration was no longer religious or social: trade caused them to settle near the
market, or danger made them seek the protection of the reigning prince, the protector
also wishing to have them together for the easier collection of taxes. It was not until the
13th century that the Jew's quarter was turned into a compulsory Ghetto. ... The
concentration of Jews in Ghettos, although unintended, had its good result. It
preserved the communal feeling and the traditional Jewish culture. "

As a point of fact these ghetto-communities existed only because the Jews wanted them
to exist— they represented a desire on the part of Jewry to remain aloof and exclusive of
Christian Society. Says Valentine's Jewish Encyclopedia [p 589]:

"There were as a rule officially recognized authorities in the Jewish communities in
Europe during the Middle Ages to regulate their own affairs and to treat as a body
with the civil government. Even with no other incentive but that of living up to the
requirements of Judaism the Jews of a locality were compelled to organize themselves
into a community (Kahal; Kehilla), in order to regulate ritual, educational and
charitable institutions. Courts of law were also a necessity, since Jewish litigants were
expected to obey the civil code of the Talmud."

The ghetto was not merely a place of residence; it was in the fullest sense a community
within a community. Here the Jews maintained their culture, their religion, and their
tradition of solidarity. Here they nursed their age-long hatred for Christian civilization.
Says Encyclopedia Britannica [p 59, vol. 13 - 1947.]:

"All these activities necessitated a great deal of legislation and in this the autonomous
Jewish community was granted the widest latitude. Ordinances were enacted by Jews
governing every phase of life: business, synagogue attendance, social morals, policing,
prescriptions for dress, and a detailed regimentation of amusements ... The
characteristic common to the medieval Jewish community were: self imposed
discipline, the considering of all religious, philanthropic, educational, and self defense
problems as common concerns, and a strong sense of solidarity fortified by a uniform
way of life."

For ten centuries preceding the great evictions, in virtually every Christian nation of
Europe (and in Mohammedan Spain, Africa, and Asia Minor) these Jews settled into
these parasitic ghetto-communities and here they nurtured and maintained a culture
which was quite a thing apart from the culture of the European. When finally they were
driven from Western Europe in the centuries preceding the Renaissance, we find them
settling and establishing ghetto-communities in Poland and Russia which have lasted
down to the present day. The Medieval ghetto did not disappear with the ending of the
Dark Ages— it was transferred, unimpaired, to Eastern Europe, where the majority of the
world's Jews settled.

The institution of the ghetto has enabled two basically different cultures and peoples to
remain side by side— one Asiatic and Judaic, the other European and Christian— without
becoming integrated. It is primarily for this reason that the Jew has remained an alien
in spite of centuries of exposure to Christian civilization. And that is why the Spanish
Jew remained a Jew first and a Spaniard second, and why the Polish Jew, the Russian
Jew, and the German Jew, have given their first allegiance to Judah and rendered a sort
of second-hand loyalty to the country of their abode.

The Chazars

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The modern Jew is descended from a mixture of Asiatic peoples, largely Semitic in origin, but
not Hebraic. This map is based on Britton's reproduction from Funk & Wagnall, itself based
on Atlas de Geographie Historique by Schrader. Shading showed Roman Catholics, Greek
Catholics, Mohammedans, Jews, and Pagans. I've indicated the boundaries, on the same map,
of the Khazars, the Pale, and Russia; and emphasized where Ukraine is. The rectangle
corresponds to the maps of Poland, below.

The modern Jew with his Yiddish culture and rapacious financial traditions should not
be confused with the biblical Hebrews, who were mainly a pastoral people. The
international Jew of modern times is indeed the bastardized product of a bastardized
past. He does not truly worship the Bible, but the Talmud; he does not speak Hebrew,
but Yiddish; he is not descended from Israel, but from the scum of the eastern
Mediterranean. This is vividly illustrated by H. G. Wells in his great Outline of History:

"The Jewish idea was and is a curious combination of theological breadth and an
intense racial patriotism. The Jews looked for a special saviour, a Messiah, who was to

redeem mankind by the agreeable process of restoring the fabulous glories of David
and Solomon, and bringing the whole world it last under the benevolent but firm
Jewish heel. As the political power of the peoples declined as Carthage followed Tyre
into the darkness and Spain became a Roman province, this dream grew and spread.
There can be little doubt that the scattered Phoenicians in Spain and Africa and
throughout the Mediterranean, speaking as they did a language closely akin to
Hebrew and being deprived of their authentic political rights, became proselytes to
Judaism. For phases of vigorous proselytism alternated with phases of exclusive
jealousy in Jewish history. On one occasion the Idumeans, being conquered, were all
forcibly made Jews. (Josephus). There were Arab tribes who were Jews in the time of
Muhammad, and a Turkish people who were mainly Jews in South Russia in the ninth
century. Judaism is indeed the reconstructed political ideal of many shattered
peoples— mainly Semitic. It is to the Phoenician contingent and to Aramean accessions
in Babylon that the financial and commercial tradition of the Jews is to be ascribed.
But as a result of these coalescences and assimilations, almost everywhere in the towns
throughout the Roman Empire, and far beyond it in the east, Jewish communities
traded and flourished, and were kept in touch through the Bible, and through a
religious and educational organization. The main part of Jewry never was in Judea
and had never come out of Judea. "

[Outline of History page 493-494, third edition, by H. G. Wells. Section 'Christianity
and Islam', with a footnote recommending the Cambridge Medieval History.]

The "Turkish" people whom Wells mentions were the Chazars [Chazar=Khazar], who
built an empire in south Russia in the 9th century A. D. This Chazar empire was
infiltrated by large numbers of Byzantine Jews. By process of intermarriage and
conversion these Chazars became identified as Jews and in all Jewish histories and
encyclopedias the words "Chazar" and "Jew" are used interchangeably. In the tenth
century a succession of invasions destroyed the Chazar empire and large numbers of
these Chazar-Jews settled in the area of what is now Poland. Others found their way to
western Europe and Spain, where they mingled with the already bastardized
conglomeration of European Jewry.

Poland's Fate

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These Jews we find settling in Poland in the early 14th century came there at the
invitation of Casimir I, who seems to have been under strong Jewish influence. As early
as the 10th century the Jews (chiefly of Khazar origin) were influential in Poland, and by
the 12th century they were well enough entrenched to monopolize the coinage of
Poland's money. Says the Jewish Encyclopedia: [Funk & Wagnall's Jewish
Encyclopedia, page 56, vol. 10]

"Coins unearthed in 1812 in the Great Polish village ofGlenbok show conclusively that
in the reigns of Mieczyslauw III (1173-1209), Casimir, and Leshek (1194-1205), the
Jews were, as stated above, in charge of the coinage of Great and Little Poland. "

It is interesting to note that these coins bore Jewish as well as Polish inscriptions.

The history of Poland for the next 3 centuries revolves around the struggle for
supremacy between the native Polish people and the Jews. During the greater part of
that time Poland was more or less dominated by the Jews— a situation most beneficial to
all, according to Jewish history books. But when, as occasionally happened, there was a
lapse in Jewish fortunes, these same histories are replete with accounts of gentile cruelty
and bestiality to the chosen race. And because these laments have been repeated often
enough and loudly enough there is a widely held belief that Poland has been a land of
oppression for Jewry ...

It has been the unhappy fate of Poland to be saddled for the greater part of its history
with a large proportion of the world's Jewish population. This, more than anything else,
accounts for the tragic disunity which has kept Poland from taking its place among the
great nations of the earth.

In 1793 (third partition) Poland was divided between Prussia and Russia and thus
ceased to exist as a nation. Russia thus fell heir to a full fledged Jewish problem.

^* Russia

The third partition of Poland was an event of paramount significance in Russian history
because as a by-product of the partition she acquired the world's largest Jewish
population. From this moment on Russia's history became hopelessly intertwined with
the Jewish problem, and eventually, as we shall relate, the Jews brought about the
downfall of Imperial Russia.

No one can possibly understand the nature of present day communism, nor of Zionism,
without some knowledge of the situation existing in Russia in the century preceding the
October revolution of 1917. We have already noted the presence of Khazar Jews in
Poland in the 10th century, and these same Khazar Jews are to be found in Russia from
that time on. But whereas Poland had invited the evicted Jews of western Europe to
settle in vast numbers within its boundaries in the 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries, the
Imperial Russian government had permitted no such immigrations, and had in fact
sealed its borders to them. As would be expected, therefore, the Imperial government
was something less than enthusiastic over this sudden acquisition of Poland's teeming
masses of Jews.

Pale of Settlement

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The Pale of Settlement extended from the Crimea to the Baltic Sea, encompassing an area half
as great as western Europe. By 1917, seven million Jews resided there, comprising perhaps
half the world's total Jewish population. It was within the Pale of Settlement that the twin
philosophies of Communism and Zionism flourished. Both movements grew out of Jewish
hatred of Christian civilization (persecutor of the "chosen race"), and both movements have
spread wherever Jews have emigrated. The Pale of Settlement has been the reservoir from
which the world-wide forces of communism have flowed. It is worth noting that half of the
world's Jewish population now resides in the U.S., and that all but a handful of these are from
the Pale, or are descendants of emigrants from the Pale.

From the very beginning the Tsarist government imposed a set of restrictions designed
to protect Russia's economy and culture from the inroads of the Jew. It was decreed (in
1772) that Jews could settle in Greater Russia, but only in certain areas. Within this
"Pale of Settlement" Jews were more or less free to conduct their affairs as they pleased.
But travel or residence beyond the Pale was rigidly restricted, so that in 1897 (date of
Russia's 1st census) 93.9% of Russia's Jewish population lived within its boundaries,
and only 6% of the total resided in other parts of the Empire. To prevent smuggling, no
Jew was permitted to reside within 50 versts of the border.

From the standpoint of Jewish history, the Pale of Settlement ranks as one of the most
significant factors of modern times. Here within, a single and contiguous area the
greater part of Jewry had gathered, and was to remain, for something like 125 years. For
the first time Jewry was subjected to a common environment and a common ground of
experience. Out of this common experience and environment there evolved the Yiddish
speaking Jew of the 20th century. Here too were born the great movements of Zionism
and Communism.

The Kahal

We have already remarked upon the habit of Jewry from ancient times of establishing
and maintaining their own tribal community (kahal) within the framework of Christian
society. We have noted also that as the Jew was driven from Western Europe, he
brought with him to Poland this ancient custom. The Kahal was an established
institution in Poland, and as the Jews settled within the Pale they set up these
autonomous communities here too.

At first the Imperial government recognized the autonomous Kahal organization
permitting them to raise taxes and set up courts of law, where only Jewish litigants were
concerned. In addition to the individual communities, there were district Kahal
organizations which at first were permitted to assess local Jewish communities with
taxes. In 1786 these privileges were drastically curtailed and Jews were there after
obliged to appear before ordinary courts of law and the Kahal organization was
restricted to matters of religious and social nature. Although Jewish propagandists have
complained long and loudly of being oppressed by the Imperial government, it is a fact
that up until 1881 they prospered beyond all expectation. Jewry settled in the Russian
economy like a swarm of locusts in a field of new corn. Very quickly they achieved a
monopoly over Russia's liquor, tobacco, and retail industries. Later they dominated the
professions as well. Under the reign of Alexander I many of the restrictions against
residence beyond the Pale of Settlement were relaxed, especially for the artisan and
professional classes. A determined effort was made to establish Jews in agriculture and
the government encouraged at every opportunity the assimilation of Jews into Russian
national life.

Nicholas I

Alexander's successor, Nicholas I, was less inclined to favor Jewry, and in fact viewed
their inroads into the Russian economy with alarm. He was much hated by the Jews.
Prior to his reign, Alexander I had allowed any male Jew the privilege of escaping
compulsory military duty by paying a special draft-exemption tax. In 1827 Nicholas
abolished the custom, with the result that Jews were for the first time taken into the
Imperial armies ...

In 1844 Nicholas I further antagonized Jewry by abolishing the institution of the Kahal,
and in that same year he prohibited by law the traditional Jewish garb, specifying that
all Jews should, except on ceremonial occasions, dress in conformity with Russian
standards. These measures, and many others like them, were aimed at facilitating the
assimilation of Jewry into Russian life. The Tsarist government was much concerned by
the Jew's failure to become Russianized, and viewed with extreme hostility the ancient
Jewish custom of maintaining a separate culture, language, mode of dress, etc.— all of
which contributed to keep the Jew an alien in the land of his residence. It is to this
determination to "Russianize" and "civilize" the Jew that we can ascribe the unusual
efforts made by the Imperial government to provide free education to its Jews. In 1804
all schools were thrown open to Jews and attendance for Jewish children was made
compulsory. Compulsory education was not only a novelty in Russia, but in any country

in the early 19th century. In Russia education was generally reserved for a privileged
few, and even as late as 1914 only 55% of her gentile population had been inside a
school. The net result of the Imperial government's assimilation program was that
Russian Jewry became the best educated segment in Russia. This eventually worked to
the destruction of the Tsarist government ...

The reign of Alexander II marked the apex of Jewish fortunes in Tsarist Russia. By 1880
they were becoming dominant in the professions, in many trades and industries, and
were beginning to filter into government in increasing numbers. As early as 1861
Alexander II had permitted Jewish university graduates to settle and hold governmental
positions in greater Russia, and by 1879 apothecaries, nurses, midwives dentists,
distillers, and skilled craftsmen were permitted to work and reside throughout the
empire.

Nevertheless Russia's Jews were increasingly rebellious over the remaining restraints
which still bound the greater part of Russian Jewry to the Pale of Settlement, and which,
to some extent at least, restricted their commercial activities. Herein lay the dilemma;
the Imperial government could retain certain of the restrictions against the Jews, and by
doing so incur their undying hostility, or it could remove all restraints and thus pave the
way for Jewish domination over every phase of Russian life. Certainly Alexander viewed
this problem with increasing concern as time went on. Actually it was a problem capable
of being solved, [sic]

Alexander II lost a considerable amount of his enthusiasm for liberal causes after an
attempt was made to assassinate him in 1866. He dismissed his "liberal" advisors and
from that time on displayed an inclination toward conservatism. This is not to say he
became anti-Jewish, but he did show more firmness in dealing with them. In 1879 there
was another attempt on his life, and another in the following year when his winter
palace was blown up. In 1881 a plot hatched in the home of the Jewess, Hesia Helfman,
was successful. Alexander II was blown up and so ended an era.

The New Policy

The reaction to the assassination of Alexander II was instantaneous and far reaching.
There was a widespread belief in and out of the government, that if the Jews were
dissatisfied with the rule of Alexander II— whom the crypto-Jew, D'Israeli, had
described as "the most benevolent prince that ever ruled Russia"— then they would be
satisfied with nothing less than outright domination of Russia.

Up to 1881 Russian policy had consistently been directed in an attempt to "Russianize"
the Jew, preparatory to accepting him into full citizenship. In line with this policy, free
and compulsory education for Jews had been introduced, repeated attempts had been
made to encourage them to settle on farms, and special efforts had been made to
encourage them to engage in the crafts. Now Russian policy was reversed. Hereafter it
became the policy of the Imperial government to prevent the further exploitation of the
Russian people by the Jews. Thus began the death struggle between Tsar and Jew.

All through 1881 there was widespread anti -Jewish rioting all over the empire. Large
numbers of Jews who had been permitted to settle beyond the Pale of Settlement were
evicted. In May of 1882 the May Laws (Provisional Rules of May 3, 1882) were imposed,
thus implementing the new governmental policy.

The May Laws shook the empire to its foundations. The following passage is taken from
Encyclopedia Britannica [page 76, volume 2, 1947]:

"The Russian May Laws were the most conspicuous legislative monument achieved by
modern anti-Semitism ... Their immediate results was a ruinous commercial
depression which was felt all over the empire and which prof oundly affected the
national credit. The Russian minister was at his wit's end for money. Negotiations for
a large loan were entered upon with the house of Rothschild and a preliminary
contract was signed, when ... the finance minister was informed that unless the
persecutions of the Jews were stopped the great banking house would be compelled to
withdraw from the operation ... In this way anti-Semitism, which had already so
profoundly influenced the domestic policies of Europe, set its mark on the international
relations of the powers, for it was the urgent need of the Russian treasury quite as
much as the termination of Prince Bismarck's secret treaty of mutual neutrality which
brought about the Franco-Russian alliance. "

Thus, within a period of 92 years (from the 3rd partition to 1882) the Jews, although
constituting only 4.2% of the population, had been able to entrench themselves so well
in the Russian economy that the nation was almost bankrupted in the attempt to
dislodge them. And, as we have seen, the nation's international credit was also affected.

After 1881 events served increasingly to sharpen the enmity of Jewry toward Tsarism.
The May Laws had not only restricted Jewish economic activity, but had attempted—
unsuccessfully, as we shall see— to preserve Russia's cultural integrity. Hereafter Jews
were permitted to attend state-supported schools and universities, but only in ratio to
their population. This was not unreasonable since Russia's schools were flooded with
Jewish students while large numbers of her gentile population were illiterate, but to the
Jews this represented another bitter "persecution," and all the world was acquainted
with the enormity of this new crime against Jewry ...

On May 23rd a delegation of Jews headed by Baron Gunzberg called on the new Tsar
(Alexander III) to protest the May Laws and the alleged discrimination against Jewry.
As a result of the investigation which followed, Tsar Alexander issued an edict the
following Sept. 3rd, a part of which is given here:

"For some time the government has given its attention to the Jews and to their
relations to the rest of the inhabitants of the empire, with a view of ascertaining the
sad condition of the Christian inhabitants brought about by the conduct of the Jews in
business matters ...

During the last twenty years the Jews have gradually possessed themselves of not only
every trade and business in all its branches, but also of a great part of the land by
buying or farming it. With few exceptions, they have as a body devoted their attention,

not to enriching or benefiting the country, but to defrauding by their wiles its
inhabitants, and particularly its poor inhabitants. This conduct of theirs has called
forth protests on the part of the people, as manifested in acts of violence and robbery.
The government, while on the one hand doing its best to put down the disturbances,
and to deliver the Jews from oppression and slaughter, have also, on the other hand,
thought it a matter of urgency and justice to adopt stringent measures in order to put
an end to the oppression practised by the Jews on the inhabitants, and to free the
country from their malpractices, which were, as is known, the cause of the agitations."

[Russia and Turkey in the 19th Century by E. W. Latimer, page 332. A. C. McClury &
Co., 1895.]

It was in this atmosphere that the twin movements of Marxism and Zionism began to
take hold and dominate the mass of Russian Jewry. Ironically, both Zionism and
Marxism were first promulgated by westernized German Jews. Zionism, whose chief
advocate was Theodore Herzl, took root in Russia in the 1880s in competition with
Marxism, whose high priest was Karl Marx, grandson of a rabbi ... Eventually every
Russian Jew came to identify himself with either one or the other of these movements.

THE TERROR SECTION

Six Assassinated

As an outgrowth of this political fermentation, there appeared at the beginning of the
century one of the most remarkable terroristic organizations ever recorded in the annals
of history. This was the Jewish dominated Social Revolutionary Party, which
between 1901 and 1906 was responsible for the assassination of no less than six first
ranking leaders of the Imperial government, including Minister of Education Bogolepov
(1901); Minister of Interior Sipyagin (1902); Governor of Ufa, Bogdanovich (1903);
Premier Viachelav von Plehve (1904); Grand Duke Sergei, uncle of the Tsar (1905); and
General Dubrassov, who had suppressed the Moscow insurrection (1906).

Chief architect of these terroristic activities was the Jew, Gershuni, who headed the
"terror section" of the Social Revolutionary Party. In charge of the "fighting section" was
Yevno Azev, son of a Jewish tailor, and one of the principal founders of the party.

Azev later plotted, but was unable to carry out, the assassination of Tsar Nicholas II. He
was executed in 1909 and Gershuni was sentenced to life imprisonment. This marked
the end of the terroristic activities of the party, but the effect of these political murders
was far reaching. Never again was the royal family, or its ministers free from the fear of
assassination. Soon another prime minister would be shot down— this time in the very
presence of the Tsar. This was the backdrop for the revolution of 1905.

BLOODY SUNDAY

The revolution of 1905, like that of 1917, occurred in an atmosphere of war. On Jan. 2nd,
1905, the Japanese captured Port Arthur, and thereby won the decisive victory of the

[Russo-Japanese - RW] war. Later in January there occurred a tragic incident which was
the immediate cause of the 1905 revolution, and which was to affect the attitude of
Russia's industrial population toward the Tsar for all time. This was the "Bloody
Sunday" affair.

The Imperial government, in its attempts to gain the favor of the industrial population,
and in its search for a way to combat Jewish revolutionary activity, had adopted the
tactic of encouraging the formation of legal trade unions, to which professional agitators
were denied membership. These trade unions received official recognition and were
protected by law.

Father Gapon

One of the most outstanding trade union leaders— and certainly the most unusual— was
Father Gapon, a priest in the Russian Orthodox Church. On the day Port Arthur fell a
number of clashes occurred in Petersberg's giant Putilov works between members of
Father Gapon's labor organization and company officials. A few days later the Putilov
workers went on strike.

Father Gapon resolved to take the matter directly to the Tsar. On the following Sunday
thousands of Petersberg's workmen and their families turned out to participate in this
appeal to the "little father". The procession was entirely orderly and peaceful and the
petitioners carried patriotic banners expressing loyalty to the crown. At the palace gate
the procession was met by a flaming volley of rifle fire. Hundreds of workmen and
members of their families were slaughtered. This was "Bloody Sunday", certainly one of
the blackest days in Tsarist history.

Was Tsar Nicholas II responsible for Bloody Sunday, as Marxist propagandists have
claimed? He couldn't have been because he was out of the city at the time. Father Gapon
had marched on an empty palace. But the harm had been done. ...

Revolution of 1905

Bloody Sunday marked the beginning of the 1905 revolution. For the first time the
Jewish-Marxists were joined by large numbers of the working class. Bloody Sunday
delivered Russia's industrial population into the hands of the Jew-dominated
revolutionary movement.

A strike broke out in Lodz in late January, and by June 22nd this developed into an
armed insurrection in which 2000 were killed. The Tsar acted at once to recover the
situation. In early February he ordered an investigation (by the Shidlovsky Commission)
into the causes of unrest among the Petersberg workers, and later in the year (August)
he announced provisions for establishing a legislature which later came to be the Duma.
Not only that but he offered amnesty to political offenders, under which, incidentally,
Lenin returned to Russia. But these attempts failed.

On October 20th the Jewish Menshevik-led Ail-Russian Railway union went on strike.
On the 21st a general strike was called in Petersberg, and on the 25th there were general
strikes in Moscow, Smolensk, Kursk, and other cities.

PETERSBERG SOVIET

Trotzky in Power

On October 26th the revolutionary Petersberg Soviet was founded. This Petersberg
Soviet assumed the functions of a national government. It issued decrees, proclaimed an
eight hour day, freedom of the press, and otherwise exercised the prerogatives of a
government.

From the very beginning the Soviet was dominated by the Menshevik faction of the
Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party, although the Social Revolutionary

Party was also represented. Its first president was the Menshevik, Zborovski, who was
succeeded by Georgii Nosar. He in turn was succeeded by Lev Trotzky, who chiefly as a
result of the prestige gained in 1905, became one of the guiding spirits of the October
revolution in 1917.

Trotzky became president of the Petersberg Soviet on Dec. 9th, and a week later some
300 members of the Soviet, including Trotzky, were arrested. The revolution was
almost, but not quite over.

Parvus

On Dec. 20th the Jew, Parvus, assumed control of a new executive committee of the
Soviet and organized a general strike in Petersberg which involved 90,000 workers. The
next day 150,000 workers went on strike in Moscow, and there were insurrections in
Chita, Kansk, and Rostov. But within a week the government had gained the upper hand
and by the 30th of December the revolution was over.

After 1905

As an outcome of the 1905 revolution, Tsar Nicholas II set about remedying the
shortcomings of his regime in a most commendable manner. At his decree, Russia was
given representative government and a constitution. An elective legislative— the Duma-
was established, and free elections were held. By these measures and others which
followed, Russia seemed well on the way to becoming a constitutional monarchy
patterned after the western European model, and as a point of fact it was only the
outbreak of World War I which prevented this from becoming a reality.

As would be expected, the Jewish revolutionary parties bitterly opposed these reforms,
looking on them as merely a device by which the forces of revolution would be
dissipated. Actually these measures did succeed in pacifying the Russian masses, and
the years between 1905 and 1914 were ones of comparative quiet and progress. No man
deserves more credit for this state of affairs than Premier Peter Arkadyevich Stolypin,

who in the year following the 1905 revolt emerged as the most impressive figure in
Imperial Russia.

From 1906 to 1911 it is no exaggeration to say that he dominated Russian politics. It was
he who gave Russia the famed "Stolypin Constitution," which among other things
undertook to guarantee the civil rights of the peasantry, which constituted 85% of
Russia's population. His land reforms, for which he is most famous, not only gave the
peasant the right to own land, but actually financed the purchase with government
loans. Stolypin was determined to give the peasant a stake in capitalism, believing that
"the natural counterweight of the communal principal is individual ownership."

Were the Stolypin land reforms effective? Bertram Wolfe, who is on all points anti-
Tsarist and pro-revolutionary, has this to say [Three Who Made a Revolution, page 360,
by Bertram Wolfe, Dial Press, New York, 1948]

"Between 1907 and 1914, under the Stolypin land reform laws, 2,000,000 peasant
families seceded from the village mir and became individual proprietors. All through
the war the movement continued, so that by Jan. 1, 1916, 6,200,000 peasant families,
out of approximately 16,000,000 eligible, had made application for separation. Lenin
saw the matter as a race with time between Stoly pin's reforms and the next upheaval.
Should an upheaval be postponed for a couple of decades, the new land measures
would so transform the countryside that it would no longer be a revolutionary force.
How near Lenin came to losing the race is proved by the fact that in 1917, when he
called on the peasants to "take the land, " they already owned more than three-fourths
of it."

Russian Jewry wanted revolution, not reform. As early as 1906 an attempt had been
made to assassinate Premier Stolypin when his country house was destroyed by a bomb.
Finally in Sept. of 1911 the best premier Russia ever had was shot down in cold blood
while attending a gala affair at the Kiev theatre. The assassin was a Jewish lawyer
named Mordecai Bogrov. Thus it was that Russia had since 1902 lost two premiers to
Jewish assassins.

Many of Stolypin's reforms were carried out after his death. In 1912 an industrial
insurance law was inaugurated which gave all industrial workmen sickness and accident
compensation to the extent of two-thirds and three-fourths of their regular pay. For the
first time the newspapers of the revolutionary parties were given legal status. Public
schools were expanded and the election laws were revised. In 1913 a general amnesty for
all political prisoners was given. Not even the severest critic of Tsarism can deny that
these measures represented a sincere attempt on the part of the Imperial government to
bring about reform. Why in spite of all this, was the Tsar overthrown?

World War I

One of the chief factors contributing to the destruction of the Imperial government was
the onset of World War I. Before the war the Imperial military establishment had
contained perhaps 1,500,000 professional troops, well trained and loyal to the crown, ...

"but by 1917 the regular army was gone. Its losses for the first ten months of the war
were reckoned as 3,800,000, or, to take the reckoning of the Quartermaster-General,
Danilov, 300,000 a month and the officers, who went into action standing, while
commanding their men to crawl, were falling at twice the rate of the men."

[Russia, page 41, by Bernard Pares, New American Library, New York, revised 1949.]

Altogether 18 million men were called to the colors, most of whom were conscripted
from the peasantry. Although courageous in battle they proved politically unreliable and
were easily incited by agitators.

Large numbers of the industrial population were also drafted into the armies, and their
places were taken by peasants, fresh out of the country. As a result, Russia's principal
cities came to be populated by a working class which was peasant in origin and habit of
thinking, but which lacked the conservatism and stability which seems to go with tenure
of the land. This new proletariat was in reality an uprooted and landless peasantry,
poorly adjusted to city life, and easily stirred up by propagandists.

Now— It should be remembered that the Russian revolution was carried out by a handful
of revolutionaries operating mainly in the larger cities. While something like 85% of
Russia's gentile population was rural, these country people took virtually no part in the
revolt. Conversely only 2.4% of the Jewish population was actually situated on the
farms; the great majority of the Jews were congregated in the cities. Says the Universal
Jewish Encyclopedia: [page 285, vol. 9, Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Inc., New York,
1939]

"... it must be noted that the Jews lived almost exclusively in the cities and towns; in
Russia's urban population the Jews constituted 11%. Two additional factors are taken
into consideration. On the one hand the rural population took practically no part in
political activities, and on the other there was virtually no illiteracy among the
Russian Jews. "

As a matter of fact, the Jews represented a substantial portion of Russia's educated
class. Not only that, but the overwhelming majority of Russia's professional class were
Jews. So complete was the Jewish domination of the professions that only one out of
eight of Russia's professional people were gentile. In other words, the Jews, who
constituted 4.2% of Russia's pre-war population comprised something like 87% of its
professional class.

The Evacuations

Also significant was the fact that the theatre of war was situated in those areas most
heavily populated by Jews. By 1914, it should be remembered, Russia's Jewish
population was nearing the seven million mark. (The exact figure given in the Universal
Jewish Encyclopedia is 6,946,000). A substantial number of these resided in Russian-
Poland, which was a war zone. The majority of these Jews, out of hatred for the Tsarist
regime, were inclined to favor a German victory. As a result, the Imperial high command

was compelled to remove all Jews from the war area in the early part of 1915. In May of
1915, for example, the supreme command expelled all Jewish residents from the
provinces of Courland and Grodno. Altogether, nearly a half million Jews were forced to
leave their homes in the military zone. These expellees were at first required to remain
within the Pale of Settlement, but in August of 1915 they were permitted to settle in all
cities in the empire. Thus it was that as the war progressed a flood of Tsar-hating Jews
began infiltrating the cities beyond the Pale ...

REVOLUTION

The revolution occurred in March of 1917, in St. Petersberg, capital city of the
Romanovs. From beginning to end the revolt involved an amazingly small number of
people when we consider that the fate of 150 million Russians was at stake. The revolt
came, as we have tried to indicate, because of Jewish unrest, because of Jewry's
dissatisfaction, and above all, because of Jewry's determination to destroy Tsarism. By
the Spring of 1917 Russia's unstable urban population had been thoroughly poisoned by
this dissatisfaction. A food shortage in Petersberg fanned this dissatisfaction into the
flame of revolution.

St. Petersberg in the third year of World War I was Russia's chief armaments production
center, and by reason of this possessed the largest industrial population of any city in
Russia. It also had the largest Jewish population of any city outside the Pale of
Settlement. By March, 1917, a breakdown in the Russian transportation system resulted
in a severe food shortage in the city. At the same time, many of the city's factories began
shutting down due to material shortages. Both of these factors were extremely
important in the days immediately ahead.

The desperate food shortage affected virtually every family in the city. Furthermore, the
enforced idleness of the working population— due to factory shutdowns— threw vast
numbers of workmen onto the streets. Given here is a day by day account of the events
which resulted in the overthrow of the Tsar and the establishment of the Provisional
Government:

March 5th: It was evident by this time— even to foreign visitors— that trouble was
brewing. Bread lines were growing day by day, and factory workmen began to appear on
the streets in large numbers. During the day the police began mounting machine guns in
strategic places throughout the city.

March 6th: The government brought a large number of Cossack troops into the city in
anticipation of trouble. Revolution was now freely predicted, and many of the shops in
expectation of this began boarding up windows. The few remaining factories were closed
by strikes and the police mounted more machine guns. The Tsar, who was visiting the
troops at the front, still had not returned to the city. The Duma remained in session.

March 8th: Crowds of women began a series of street demonstrations in protest over
the bread shortage. Agitators, many of whom were veterans of the 1905 revolution,
began to take charge and organize diversionary demonstrations. Here and there the

crowds sang the "Marseillaise"— regarded in Russia as a revolutionary song. A number
of red flags appeared. At the corner of Nevsky Prospekt and the Catherine Canal
mounted police, aided by Cossack cavalry, dispersed the crowds. There were no
casualties. Significantly, however, the crowds had raised the red flag of revolution
without being fired on.

March 9th: The Nevsky from Catherine Canal to Nicolai Station was jammed from
early morning with crowds, which were larger and bolder than on the preceding day.
Streetcars were no longer running. The Cossack cavalry, under orders to keep the
Nevsky clear of demonstrators, repeatedly charged the mobs, and a few people were
trampled. But it was observed that the cavalrymen used only the flats of their sabers,
and at no time used frre arms. This encouraged the mob, which held the Cossacks in
dread. Meanwhile, agitators were constantly at work.

March 10th: During the afternoon huge crowds collected around Nicholai [sic]
Station. An American photographer, Donald Thompson, has described in vivid fashion
the scene there [Donald Thompson in Russia, page 54, by Donald Thompson, Century
Co.. New York, 1918]:

"About two o 'clock a man richly dressed in furs came up to the square in a sleigh and
ordered his driver to go through the crowd, which by this time was in a very ugly
mood, although it seemed to be inclined to make way for him. He was impatient and
probably cold and started an argument. All Russians must have their argument. Well,
he misjudged this crowd, and also misjudged the condition in Petrograd. I was within
150 feet of this scene. He was dragged out of his sleigh and beaten. He took refuge in a
stalled street car where he was followed by the workingmen. One of them took a small
iron bar and beat his head to a pulp. This seemed to give the mob a taste for blood.
Immediately I was pushed along in front of the crowd which surged down the Nevsky
and began smashing windows and creating general disorder. Many of the men carried
red flags on sticks. The shops along the Nevsky, or most of them, are protected by
heavy iron shutters. Those that were not had their windows smashed. I noticed about
this time that ambulances were coming and going on the side streets. There were
usually three or four people lying in each one. "

The disorder now became general. The mobs turned their fury on the police, who
barricaded themselves for a desperate last stand in the police stations. There they were
slaughtered almost to the last man, and the prisons were emptied of their entire
populations, including desperate criminals of every category.

March 11th: Widespread rioting continued on the 11th. Added to the terror of
revolution were the degradations of the recently liberated criminal population. During
the day the Duma sent the following urgent message to the Tsar, now entrained for
Petersberg:

"The situation is serious. There is anarchy in the capital. The government is paralyzed.
The situation as regards transportation, and supplies, and fuel has reached a state of
complete disorganization. Police dissatisfaction is growing. Disorderly shooting is

taking place in the streets. Different sections of the troops are shooting at each other. It
is necessary immediately to entrust a person who has the confidence of the country
with the creation of a new government."

The Tsar's reaction was tragically out of keeping with the reality of the situation. It is
doubtful that he even had an inkling of what was really transpiring. His reaction was to
command the dissolution of the Duma. The overwhelming majority of the Duma's
membership,— loyal to the Tsar— obeyed his command, with the result that the last
vestige of governmental authority ceased to exist in the capital.

March 12th: The president of the dissolved Duma sent this last despairing message to
the Tsar: "The situation is becoming worse. Immediate means must be taken, for
tomorrow it will be too late. The last hour has struck and the fate of the fatherland and
the dynasty is being decided." Tsar Nicholas II may never have received the message: in
any event he did not reply. And indeed, the hour was late. . .

At 1:00 A.M. on the morning of the 12th one of the regiments (the Volynski) revolted,
killing its officers. By 11 A.M. six regiments had revolted. At 11:30 A.M. the garrison of
the Peter and Paul fortress surrendered and joined the revolution. The only section of
the city which now remained under governmental control was the War Office, the
Admiralty Building, and St. Isaac's Cathedral. The revolution was now an accomplished
fact. Four days later, on the 16th, the Tsar, whose train never reached Petersberg,
abdicated. The closing words of his written abdication announcement were: "May God
have mercy on Russia". And before a year had passed, these words had been echoed
many, many times ...

The 12th of March marked the formation of two governing bodies which were to jointly
rule Russia for the next 8 months. The first of these was the Provisional Committee of
the Duma, consisting of 12 members headed by Prince Lvow. This group served as the
Provisional Government until overthrown in October by the Bolsheviks. At all times,
however, it governed by the sufferance of the Petersberg Soviet, which was the second
body organized on the 12th.

This Petersberg Soviet was in reality dominated by the Menshevik and Bolshevik
factions of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, of whom the Mensheviks were by
far the most powerful. A second party, the Social Revolutionary Party, was a minority
party.

Eventually, as we shall see, the Bolshevik faction gained control over the Petersberg
Soviet, and having done so, at once precipitated the October Revolution and established
the regime which is still in power. To better understand these events, it is necessary that
we trace the history of these Mensheviks and Bolsheviks and their Russian Social
Democratic Labor Party.

HISTORY OF BOLSHEVISM

We must for the moment turn our attention to a group of revolutionary exiles who are
important to this story because they and their disciples eventually became the rulers of
Communist Russia. Head of this group, and the man who is generally recognized as
Lenin's teacher, was George Plekhanov, a gentile.

Plekhanov had fled Russia in the 1880s and settled in Switzerland. There with the aid of
Vera Zasulich, Leo Deutch, and P. Axelrod— all Jews— he had formed the Marxist
"Group for the Emancipation of Labor", and until 1901 was recognized as the leader of
the group.

Although Plekanov was himself a gentile, those around him were, with a few exceptions,
Jewish. One of the exceptions was Lenin, who first became a disciple of Plekanov, and
later a competitor.

Lenin

Lenin (real name Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov) was born on the banks of the Volga in the
provincial city of Simbirsk, in 1870. He was born to a station of comparative privilege,
being the son of a government official whose title of "Actual State Counselor" carried
with it the privilege of hereditary nobility. Lenin's father did not himself inherit the title,
but acquired it as a reward of service as a school supervisor.

By every rule, "Lenin" should have become a respected member of Russian society. He
was of middle class background, was university educated, and was admitted to the
practice of law. That he did not do so can be ascribed in part to the fate of his older
brother, Alexander, who in 1887 was executed for participating in an attempt on the life
of Tsar Alexander II. This is said to have influenced Lenin to take up the career of a
professional revolutionary.

In any event the year of 1895 finds young Lenin— then 25— meeting in Switzerland with
the leaders of the "Group for the Emancipation of Labor". Shortly thereafter he returned
to Russia in the company of young Julius Martov (Tsederbaum), a Jew who had already
become prominent as an agitator in the Pale of Settlement, and who was one day to
become the leader of the Menshevik faction. Their purpose was to raise funds for
revolutionary activity.

In Petersberg they became involved in a series of strikes which swept the city in 1895,
and in the autumn of the same year Lenin, Martov, and a number of others were
convicted and sent to prison for revolutionary activity.

In February of 1897 Lenin completed his prison term and began his period of exile in
Siberia. He was permitted to travel to Siberia at his own expense and he took with him
his Jewish wife, Krupskaya and her Yiddish speaking mother.

It should be explained that, contrary to popular belief, political exiles— unless convicted
of a criminal act— were not imprisoned in Siberia; rather they were paroled there. In
exile the government provided a pension, sufficient usually to maintain an existence. To
supplement this, the exile sometimes sought local employment (Trotzky worked as a
bookkeeper) or they got funds from friends and family. Lenin received a government
allowance of 7 rubles 40 kopeks monthly, '"enough to pay for room, board and laundry."
[Lenin (abridgement by Donald P. Geddes), page 26, by David Shub, New American
Library, 1950 (Mentor Books).]

While in Siberian exile Lenin, Martov, and an accomplice Potresov, formulated the idea
of an "All Russian Newspaper" which would serve to combine the thought and energies
of the entire revolutionary movement. The Marxists in 1900, as at all times in the future
were divided and subdivided into a great many factions. Lenin's idea was to weld these
various factions into a single organization.

Iskra

In February of 1900 Lenin was
released from exile and applied for,
and got, permission to go to
Switzerland. In Geneva he joined
the "Group for the Emancipation of
Labor", and in December the
Group began the publication of
Iskra (The Spark). The
establishment of Iskra marked the
beginning of Russian Marxism as
an organized movement, and the
beginning of Lenin's role as a party
leader.

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Communism as an organized movement began with the
publishing of ISKRA (The Spark) in December of 1900. Three
years later, in 1903, the "Iskrists" joined with the Polish
Social Democrats, the Jewish Bund, and others, to form the
Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party (which later changed
its name to the Communist Party). ISKRA, like every other
Communist publication which followed, was mainly edited
and controlled by Jews.

The editorial board consisted of the

"oldsters", Plekhanov, Zasulich,

Axelrod, and their disciples, Lenin,

Potresov, and Martov. Lenin's

Jewish wife, Krupsakaya, was the

board's secretary. Later, in 1902, young Trotzky (Bronstein) joined the editorial board,

but without voting privileges. Four of the above— Martov, Axelrod, Zasulich, and

Trotzky— were Jews, while Plekhanov, Lenin, and Potresov were gentile. The editorial

board thus contained four Jews and three gentiles, but since Trotzky was without vote,

and since Plekhanov had retained two votes, the voting strength was exactly reversed,

with the Jews having 3 votes to the gentile's four.

It is interesting to note the editorial contributions of the first 45 editions of Iskra. The
largest number of articles was written by Martov, who contributed 39. Next was Lenin,
who wrote 32 articles, followed by Plekhanov with 24, Petresov with 8, Zasulich with 6,
and Axelrod with 4. In addition, articles were written by Parvus, Trotzky, and Rosa

Luxemburg, all of whom were Jewish. It is worth recording that the only other
revolutionary paper in existence at this time was "Rabochee Delo" (Workers Cause),
organ of the "Economist" faction, of whom the Jew, Theodore Dan was the editor.

Iskra was actually printed in Munich, Germany. For a time the editorial board met in
London, but in 1903 it was moved back to Geneva. From there copies of Iskra were
smuggled into Russia by ship and courier. In this way Iskra built up an underground
organization of professional revolutionaries, first known as "Iskrists", and later as
Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. In Switzerland Axelrod eked out an existence by peddling
yogurt, and Plekhanov is said to have addressed letters for an income. But the founders
and leaders of communism were not proletarians. Almost without exception they were
highly educated Jewish intellectuals, few of whom had ever performed a useful day's
labor.

Unification Congress

In 1903 a Unification Congress convened in Brussels, Belgium. Its purpose was to unite
the various Marxists groups into the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party, which
technically had been formed in 1898, but which had failed to bring unity.

Altogether, 60 voting delegates attended, four of whom were, or had been, workers. The
rest were mostly Jewish intellectuals. Represented were the groups which had formed
the party in 1898: The Jewish Bund, the Georgian Social Democrats, Rosa Luxemburg's
Polish Social democrats, and the Group for the Emancipation of Labor, now identified
as "Iskrists". The Maximalist's newspaper, "Rabochee Delo" was also represented by 3
delegates. These groups, their leaders, and their disciples, made the revolution of 1917.
Here, Communism as we know it, was born.

In early August the Belgium Police deported a number of delegates and the Unification
Congress moved en masse to England, where it convened from August 11th to the 23rd.
One very important outcome of the congress was the ideological split which divided the
Iskrists into two camps: The Bolsheviks (majority faction), headed by Lenin and the
Mensheviks (minority faction), headed by Martov.

The final act of the congress was to elect Lenin, Plekhanov, and Martov to the editorial
board of Iskra. This new board of three never actually functioned, due to the hostility
between Martov and Lenin. After issue No. 53 Lenin resigned leaving it in the hands of
Martov, Plekhanov, Axelrod, Zasulich and Petresov, the latter three being admitted to
the board following Lenin's resignation.

Although Lenin's faction clung to the Bolshevik label, they did not at any time command
a real majority in the party. Lenin had temporarily been able to dominate the
Unification Congress when the Jewish Bund's delegation had walked out in a huff over
party policy. Because Lenin had been temporarily able to martial [sic] a majority of the
remaining delegates to his support, his faction had been identified as the Bolshevik, or
majority faction, and always thereafter Lenin and his followers were known as
Bolsheviks. It is important to note that this Bolshevik-Menshevik split was among the

Iskrists only. The two other major factions of the party— Rosa Luxemburg's Polish Social
Democrats and the Jewish Bund— were neither Bolshevik nor Menshevik, although both
factions usually teamed up with the Mensheviks on party policy. (In 1917, however, both
the Polish party and the Bund merged into the Bolshevik faction.)

Revolution of 1905

The 1905 revolution came unexpectedly. Jewish agitators, seizing upon the discontent
engendered by Russia's defeat by the Japanese, and capitalizing on the "Bloody Sunday"
incident— which we have already described— fanned the flames of insurrection into
being in what was to be a dress rehearsal of the 1917 revolution.

The revolt, coming so quickly on the heels of the Bloody Sunday incident, caught the
party leadership by surprise. Lenin was in Geneva and he did not return to Petersberg
until October— shortly before the Petersburg Soviet was organized. Martov the
Menshevik leader, returned at the same time. Rosa Luxemburg arrived in December, by
which time the insurrection had ended. Axelrod got only as far as Finland, and
Plekhanov never returned at all. The 1905 revolution was principally led by second-
string leaders, virtually all of whom were identified with the Mensheviks.

Trotzky alone of the top leadership had sensed the significance of "Bloody Sunday," and
at the first word of revolution he and a Jewish compatriot, Parvus, had struck out for
Petersberg.

Using the pseudonym Yanovsky, he very quickly became a leading member of the Soviet,
and by the end of October was generally recognized as the most influential member of
the Executive Committee. In addition, he edited (with Parvus) the Menshevik organ,
Nachato. Later, under the pseudonym, "Peter Petrovich" he edited the "Russkyaya
Gazeta." On Dec. 9, as we have previously related, he was elected president of the
Petersberg Soviet, and following his arrest Parvus assumed leadership of the revolt.

Although Lenin had been in St. Petersberg throughout the life of the Petersberg Soviet,
neither he nor any member of his faction played a prominent part in its activities. When
the 300 members of the Soviet were finally arrested, not a single prominent Bolshevik
was among them. The revolution of 1905 was strictly a Menshevik affair.

The London Congress

In 1907 (May 13 - June 1) a fifth Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party
was held, this time in London. This was by all accounts the most impressive one of all,
and it was the last one held before the 1917 revolution. Represented at the Congress
were:

• The Bolsheviks, led by Lenin— 91 delegates.

• The Mensheviks, led by Martov and Dan— 89 delegates.

• The Polish Social Democrats, led by Rosa Luxemburg— 44 delegates.

• The Jewish Bund, led by Rafael Abramovitch and M. I. Lieber— 55 delegates.

• The Lettish Social Democrats, led by "Comrade Herman" (Danishevsky).

Altogether there were 312 delegates to the Congress, of whom 116 were, or had been,
workers. Dominating the Congress were the great names of the party: there were the
founders of the movement, Plekhanov, Axelrod, Deutch, and Zasulich— who after 1907
played roles of diminishing importance in party affairs— and their disciples, Lenin,
Martov, Dan (Gurvich), and Trotzky. There were Abramovich and Lieber (Goldman) of
the Bund, and Rosa Luxemburg, the latter one day being destined to lead a revolution of
her own in Germany. Present also were Zinoviev, Kamenev, and Stalin, none of whom
were important in 1907, but who are listed here because one day they would be the three
most powerful men in Russia. Significantly all of those named were Jewish, excepting
Lenin, Plekhanov, and Stalin.

Perhaps one of the most important matters taken up by the London Congress was the
bitterly controversial question of "expropriations." It should be explained that Lenin's
Bolshevik faction had to an increasing degree resorted to outlawry to replenish its
finances. Robbery, kidnapping, and theft became regular party activities. And on one
occasion a loyal Bolshevik married a rich widow to secure funds for the party treasury.
These activities were referred to in party circles as "expropriations." The most famous
expropriation was the Tiflis bank robbery, engineered by young Josef Stalin shortly after
the London Congress.

The Mensheviks bitterly criticized
these tactics, while Lenin stoutly
defended them as a necessary
means of raising capital. The
"expropriation" question broke out
again and again as a point of
contention between the two
factions. Actually a great deal of
Lenin's strength came from this
source. With money thus raised he
was able to pay the traveling
expenses of delegates to these
various congresses, and this gave
him a voting power which was
probably out of proportion to his
following. Lenin's opposition on
the expropriation question came
not only from Martov's Menshevik
faction, but also from the Jewish

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In communist Russia the penalty for revolutionary activity is
always death. Under the more tolerant rule of the Tsars the
penalty was exile in Siberia. Stalin was exiled no less than 5
times. The photo above shows him with a friend (Suren
Spandaryan) during exile in Monastyrskoye, Turukhansk,
Siberia.

Bund and Rosa Luxemburg's Polish Social Democrats. The Jewish Bund and Rosa
Luxemburg's faction usually sided with the Mensheviks in these intra-party squabbles,
and it was not until 1917, when they were actually incorporated into the Bolshevik
faction, that Lenin was able to actually control the entire party.

The Tiflis bank robbery has now become a part of the legend which surrounds Stalin,
and it is perhaps worth while to give it some attention. Although the robbery was
engineered by Stalin, then a minor party worker, the actual hold-up was carried out by
an Armenian by the name of Petroyan, who is known in Russian history as "Kamo."
Kamo's method was crude but effective: he tossed a dynamite bomb at a bank stage
which was transporting 250,000 rubles in currency. In the resulting explosion some 30
people were killed and Kamo escaped with the loot, which consisted mainly of 500 ruble
notes.

The Bolsheviks encountered considerable difficulty in converting these 500 ruble notes
into usable form. It was decided that agents in various countries would simultaneously
cash as many as possible in a single day. The operation was not a complete success. The
Jewess, Olga Ravich, who was one day to marry Zinoviev was apprehended by police
authorities, as was one Meyer Wallach, whose real name was Finklestein, and who is
better known as Maxim Litvinov. Litvinov later became Commissar of Foreign Affairs
(1930-39)-

The Year 1908

In the autumn of 1908 the Bolsheviks began publishing the Proletariie, with Lenin,
Dubrovinsky, Zinoviev, and Kamenev (the latter two Jewish) as editors. In the same
year the Menshevik organ, Golos Sotsial-Demokrata began publication, edited by
Plekhanov, Axelrod, Martov, Dan, and Martynov (Pikel), all of whom were Jewish with
the exception of Plekhanov. In Oct. of 1908 the Vienna Pravda was launched, with
Trotzky as editor.

The Troika

In 1909 the Lenin-Zinoviev-Kamenev "troika" was formed. It was to endure until
Lenin's death in 1924. Zinoviev and Kamenev were Lenin's inseparable companions.
Later, when the Bolsheviks were in power, Trotzky would become co-equal with Lenin,
and even something of a competitor, but Kamenev and Zinoviev were never Lenin's
equals nor his competitors— they were his right and left hand. They would argue with
him, and fight with him, and oppose him in party councils, but the "troika" was broken
only when Lenin died.

January Plenum

In January of 1910 the 19 top leaders of the Party met in what historians refer to as the
"January Plenum of the Central Committee." Its purpose was, as always, to
promote party unity. One outcome was that Lenin was compelled to burn the remainder
of the 500 ruble notes from the Tiflis expropriation, which he had been unable to cash
anyway. Another outcome of the January Plenum was the recognition of the newspaper,
Sotsial Demokrata, as the general party newspaper. Its editors were the Bolsheviks,
Lenin and Zinoviev, and the Mensheviks, Martov and Dan. Lenin was the only gentile.
Trotzky's semi-independent "Vienna Pravda" was declared to be an official party organ,
and Kamenev was appointed to help edit it. Who could have foretold in the year 1910

that within seven short years this Yiddish crew would be the lords and masters of all
Russia?

The 1917 Revolution

The 1917 revolution, like that of 1905. caught the top leaders of the party unprepared.
Lenin and Martov were in Switzerland, and Trotzky was eking out an existence in New
York's East Side.

Shortly after the March revolution the German government did a peculiar thing. It
arranged to ship Lenin, Martov, Radek, and 32 members of the party across Germany to
Russia. The German strategy seemed to be based on the assumption— which later
proved correct— that the communists would work to sabotage the Russian war effort,
now being prosecuted by the Provisional Government. Perhaps the Lenin group had
some such agreement with the Germans, no one knows. But one thing is certain: 48
hours after the Bolsheviks came to power, Trotzky began negotiations for an armistice.
But that story comes later.

On April 3rd, just 23 days after the provisional government had been formed, Lenin and
his party arrived in Petersberg. Within 7 months he and his faction would be the
supreme dictators of all Russia.

MORE PETERSBERG SOVIET

It Controlled the Mob

We have already given a description of the March Revolution which overthrew the Tsar,
and we have told of the establishment of the two governing bodies which came into
existence on March 12th, namely the Provisional Government and the Petersberg
Soviet.

The Petersberg Soviet, although it controlled the mob, was reluctant to assume the
responsibility of governing— at least in the beginning. The Soviet was originally
organized by second-string leaders who were quite capable of stirring up trouble, but
who had little capacity for leading a revolutionary government. Furthermore, it was not
clear in the early days of the revolution as to what the final outcome would be.
Petersberg was, after all, only one city in the empire, and the attitude of the country as a
whole, and of the soldiers at the front, was unknown. For this reason the Soviet
preferred that the Provisional Government— which had some semblance of legitimacy-
should temporarily rule.

The Provisional Government

The Provisional Government was not a revolutionary body. Of its 12 members, only one,
Kerensky, was a "Socialist." The others were typical upper-middle class members of the
Duma, with possibly mild leanings to the left. Head of the Provisional Government was
Prince Lvov, whose reputation as a liberal may have qualified him for that position more

than some of the others. This 12 man government had sprung into being simply because
no other semblance of a government existed in Petersberg on March l2th— it did not in
any way participate in the revolution. In the months following the overthrow of the Tsar,
however, its power grew considerably, so that by July when an abortive Bolshevik
uprising occurred, the Provisional Government was able to quell the affair and arrest or
force into hiding the Bolshevik leaders.

The Provisional Government undertook to continue the war against Germany. The great
mass of people were, of course, patriotic Russians, and Germany was looked on as a
dangerous threat to Russian sovereignty. The Provisional Government, during its entire
tenure, was primarily occupied with the prosecution of the war.

The Provisional Government took two steps, however, which were to profoundly affect
the revolution. The first, and most fateful, was the decision to permit the return of all
exiled political prisoners from Siberia and abroad. By doing so it sealed the fate of
Russia. Here is the way one American writer, Edward Alsworth Ross, has described it
[Russian Bolshevik Revolution, page 58, by Edward Alsworth Ross, Century Company.
New York. 1921]:

"One of the first acts of the Provisional government, however, is to bring back to
Russia the political victims of the autocracy. From Siberia about eighty thousand are
brought out. From Switzerland, France, Scandinavia, the United States, even from
Argentina and other remote countries, come perhaps ten thousand who have been
refugees from the tsar's vengeance. In all ninety thousand at least, virtually all of them
of socialist sympathies, stream into European Russia in late April, May, June, and
July. Honored by a grateful people for their voluntary sacrifices and sufferings they
quickly rise to a commanding influence in the local Soviets and carry them irresistibly
toward the political left."

These ninety thousand exiles constituted the heart of the approaching Bolshevik
revolution. They were almost to the last man professional revolutionaries, and with few
exceptions they were Jewish. Stalin, Sverdlov, and Zinoviev were among the exiles who
returned from Siberia. Lenin, Martov, Radek, and Kamenev— as we have seen— returned
from Switzerland. Trotzky returned, with hundreds of his Yiddish brethren, from New
York's East Side. These were the inheritors of the revolution. Until their return the
revolution had been without leadership— largely it had been conducted by second string
leaders who happened to be on the spot. Now the elite were returning. Let us take
another quotation from the starry-eyed Edward Alworth Ross, whose prose is almost as
poor as his judgment:

"The bewildered leaderless Russian masses are thrilled and captivated by these ready,
self-confident men who tell them just what they must do in order to garner for
themselves the fruits of the revolution. This is why refugees, obscure to us although not
to Russians, who in exile had been obliged to work in our steel mills and tailor shops
for a living, former residents of New York's "Eastside", who lived precariously from
some Russian newspapers we Americans never heard of, will rise to be the heads of

Soviets and, later, cabinet ministers of a government ruling a tenth of the human race.
In all modern history there is no romance like it. "

[Russian Bolshevik Revolution (ibid p. 45),
page 67]

Soon these hordes of returning Jews would

exercise the power of life and death over 150

million Christian Russians. Soon every

factory, every government bureau every

school district, and every army unit would

function under the gimlet eye of a Jewish

Commissar. Soon the blood of human beings

would be oozing from under the doors of

communist execution chambers as tens of

thousands of Christian men and women

were butchered like cattle in a

slaughterhouse. Soon five million

landowners would be deliberately starved to

death as part of a premeditated plan. Soon a

move would be under way to exterminate

the gentile leader class of the entire nation

by murdering every Christian factory owner,

and lawyer, and government leader, and

army officer, and every other person who had been, or might be, a potential leader. Soon

the standing population of the slave labor camps would exceed 15 million. Soon every

church and cathedral would be gutted and every priest and preacher would become a

criminal in his own community. Soon Russia would have a zombie-proletariat docile,

willing to work, easily controlled, incapable of revolt ... Such was the "romance" of the

Bolshevik revolution.

When the Bolsheviks came to power, they
systematically undertook to destroy every vestige
of opposition by exterminating the upper classes
of Russian society. The fury of the Red Terror can
be explained only as a manifestation of Jewish
hatred against Christian civilization.

Constituent Assembly Elections

A second important act of the Provisional Government was to create the machinery for
the election of a Constituent Assembly. It was provided that delegates from all of Russia
should be chosen in free elections, and these were to meet in a Constituent Assembly for
the purpose of writing a constitution for Russia. It was to be, as one writer puts it
[Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence, by Lev Trotsky (translated by
Charles Malamuth), Harper Bros., New York & London, 1941]

"a body encompassing the purposes of both the Continental Congress and the
Constitutional Convention of the American Revolution."

When the Constituent Assembly did meet, in January of 1918, the Bolsheviks had
already been in power a month.

"It met at the Tauride Palace in Petrograd and lasted less than 13 hours; from four in
the afternoon of Jan. 18, to 40 minutes past four of Jan. 19, when it was dispersed by
Bolshevik troops, chiefly soldiers of Lettish regiments. "

One of the factors which precipitated the October Revolution was the forthcoming
elections for the Constituent Assembly.

Ail-Russian Congress of Soviets

One other event occurred which was to affect the outcome of the revolution. This was
the convening of the First All- Russian Congress of Soviets in Petersberg on June
3rd, 1917. It should be explained that the word "soviet" means "council", or "committee".
Following the March Revolution, literally hundreds of local revolutionary Soviets were
organized all over Russia by the various Marxists parties. It was decided that a congress
of these Soviets should meet for the purpose of unifying the forces of the revolution.

This first Congress of Soviets was dominated by the Mensheviks and Essars. (Essars =
Social Revolutionary Party). The Bolsheviks had fewer than 40 delegates out of
several hundred attending.

Before disbanding, the Congress of Soviets set October 20th (later changed to Nov. 7th)
as the date for the convening of the next Congress. This date is extremely important
because it marks the date of the Bolshevik Revolution. When the Second Congress of
Soviets did convene, on the evening of November 7th, the Bolsheviks had already gained
control of the Petersberg Soviet and had overthrown the Provisional Government a few
hours earlier. The Bolsheviks were thus able to present the Second All- Russian
Congress of Soviets with a "fait accompli". This Second Congress of Soviets became
the official government of Communist Russia on that same evening of November 7th,
1917.

Lenin Returns

But now we must turn our attention back to Lenin and his party at the time of their
arrival from abroad. When Lenin arrived in Petersberg in April of 1917, he found the
Petersberg Soviet dominated by the Mensheviks, with the Essars (Social
Revolutionaries) second in membership, and the Bolsheviks in the minority. President
of the Soviet was the Menshevik, Tcheidze, a "defensist" who strongly supported the war
effort. Of the two vice-presidents, one was Skobelev, also a Menshevik, and the other
was Kerensky, the only member of the 12 man Provisional Government who also
belonged to the Soviet.

Although the Mensheviks controlled the Petersberg Soviet, they were badly divided
among themselves. The main body of the Menshevik faction— the defensists— was
headed by Theodore Dan (Gurvich) and M. I. Lieber (formerly of the Jewish Bund). The
other group of Mensheviks,— the internationalists— was headed by Martov.

Lenin bitterly criticized this state of affairs. He regarded the provisional government as
an instrument of the "bourgeois" and he immediately and violently advocated its
overthrow. Throughout April, May, and June the Bolsheviks preached the destruction of
the Provisional Government, and among the factory workers and the military garrisons
around Petersberg this propaganda began to take effect. Under the slogan "all power
to the Soviets", the Bolsheviks had succeeded by July in recruiting to their banners
large numbers of the city's more radical elements.

The returning influx of exiles also enhanced the position of the Bolsheviks. These exiles
were not all originally Bolsheviks, but they were almost without exception extremists,
and they had waited a long time for revolution to come: they were hungry for power.
And they were inclined to favor the Bolsheviks because they were the most radical
advocates of direct action. Trotzky, who had in 1905 began a Menshevik, and who had
later been a "neutral", immediately joined the Bolsheviks on his return from New York.
So it was with many others.

On July 17th this anti-government agitation resulted in an unscheduled uprising by
thousands of the city's inflamed worker-soldier population. In modern Russian history
these are known as the "July Days". Kerensky, who by now had become the dominant
figure in the Provisional Government dealt with the insurrection with considerable
firmness. The mob was fired on, and in the course of the next three days several
hundred people were killed.

As a result of the "July Days" uprising, the top Bolshevik leadership was either arrested
or forced to flee. Lenin and Zinoviev temporarily hid out in Sestroretsk, outside of
Petersberg. Trotzky, Kamenev, and Lunacharsky (soon to become prominent) were
arrested. Stalin, at that time an editor of Pravda, was not molested.

One result of the "July Days" was the collapse of the Provisional Government under the
premiership of Prince Lvov. On July 20th, Kerensky (Adler) the Jewish Napoleon,
became Prime Minister of a 'salvation of the revolution' government. Kerensky was quite
an orator, and he applied himself to the task of whipping up enthusiasm for an offensive
against the Germans. Although he met with moderate success at first, the offensive
failed and Kerensky's influence declined steadily in the next three months.

SIXTH PARTY CONGRESS

In August (8-16) the Russian Social-Democratic Labor
Party held its Sixth Congress. This was the first one held
since the London Congress of 1907, and it was the last one
held before the Bolshevik Revolution, now only two
months away. This Sixth Congress was completely a
Bolshevik affair. The other factions merged with the
Bolsheviks and ceased to exist; from this time on the
Russian Social Democratic Labor Party WAS the Bolshevik
Party. (Within a year the party officially changed its name
to the Communist Party).

The most important act of the Sixth Congress was to elect
the "October Central Committee", consisting of 26
members. This Central Committee was to rule the
Bolshevik Party through the critical days of the October
Revolution. Who were the principal members of the
"October Central Committee"? Let us take the words of
Lev Trotzky as they appear in his book, Stalin:

"In view of the Party's semi-legality the names of persons
elected by secret ballot were not announced at the
Congress, with the exception of the four who had received
the largest number of votes. Lenin— 133 out ofapossible
134, Zinoviev—132, Kamenev—131, Trotzky— 131 ".

[Stalin (ibid page 48) pages 220-221.]

These four two months before the October Revolution,
were the top leaders of the Bolshevik Party. Three were
Jews and the fourth, Lenin, was married to a Jewess.

Trotzky's writings are extremely enlightening from a
historical viewpoint. He hated Stalin and he wrote his
book, Stalin, to prove that Stalin was a Johnny-come-
lately, an upstart, and an usurper. He brings forth masses
of evidence to show how unimportant Stalin was in Party
councils during and immediately after the October
Revolution. In doing so, Trotzky again and again
emphasizes who the really important leaders were. Let us
take another typical comment from his book on Stalin as he
the October Central Committee shortly before the Bolshevik

)ta..WiniEii5E«!t

The above cut [Outmoded
expression meaning 'woodcut'] is
taken from Trotzky's book Stalin.
It is a reproduction of a postcard
widely circulated in Russia
following the Bolshevik
Revolution. It is entitled "Leaders
of the Proletarian Revolution".
Trotzky uses this as evidence to
prove that Stalin, whom he
despised, was not an important
figure in the October
Revolution— which it does nicely.
But it also reveals the Jewishness
of these original leaders of the
Communist Party: Four of those
appearing above are Jews, and a
fifth, Lenin, is married to a
Jewess. Shown above are (l)
Lenin, (2) Trotzky, (3) Zinoviev,
(4) Lunacharsky (a gentile), (5)
Kamenev, (6) Sverdlov. These
were the leaders of the
Communist Revolution of 1917.

describes the meetings of
Revolution:

"The 422 pages of the fourth volume, dealing with August and September, record all
the happenings, occurrences, brawls, resolutions, speeches, articles in any way
deserving of notice. Sverdlov, then practically unknown, was mentioned three times in
that volume; Kamenev, 46 times; I, who spent August and the beginning of September

in prison, 31 times; Lenin, who was in the underground, 16 times; Zinoviev, who
shared Lenin's fate, 6 times. Stalin was not mentioned even once. Stalin's name is not
even in the index of approximately 500 proper names."

[Stalin (ibid page 48) pages 222-223]

Thus, Trotzky again cites evidence to prove that Stalin was not an important figure in
the Bolshevik Party in 1917. But in doing so he names the real leaders, who as before are
the Jews, Kamenev, Zinoviev, Trotzky, and the up and coming Sverdlov. Lenin is the
only gentile.

Because the top party leaders were either in prison or in hiding as a result of the
abortive July Days uprising, the Sixth Party Congress was organized by the lesser lights
of the party, of whom Sverdlov was the most active. Lev Trotzky, ever anxious to
discredit Stalin, gives us this description:

"The praesidium consisted of Sverdlov, Olminsky, Lomov, Yurenev, and Stalin. Even
here, with the most prominent figures of Bolshevism absent, Stalin's name is listed in
last place. The Congress resolved to send greetings to Lenin, Trotzky, Zinoviev,
Lunacharsky, Kamenev, Kollontai, and all the others arrested and persecuted
comrades'. These were elected to the honorary praesidium."

[Stalin (ibid page 48) page 217.]

Here again, in the words of Trotzky, we have named the "most prominent figures of

Bolshevism": Lenin, Trotzky, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Kollontai and Lunacharsky. And we
know these were the most important leaders because they were the ones Kerensky had
arrested or driven underground following the July Days revolt. Of these, only
Lunacharsky and Lenin were gentile; the others were Jewish. These facts show why the
Jewishness of communism is so immediately and indisputably apparent to anyone who
has the slightest knowledge of Bolshevik history.

TROTZKY TO POWER

On August 17th Kamenev was released from prison, and exactly a month later Trotzky
was also freed by the Kerensky regime. On Sept. 24th Trotzky was elected president of
the Petersberg Soviet, displacing Cheidze, the Menshevik. From this moment on the
Bolsheviks were in control of the Petersberg Soviet. On October 29th the Petersberg
Soviet voted to transfer all military power to a "Military Revolutionary
Committee", headed by Trotzky. Revolution was now only days away.

Military Revolutionary Committee

The Military Revolutionary Committee, under the chairmanship of Trotzky, was
organized for the express purpose of preparing the revolution. Time was running out
and it was a matter of striking soon or not at all. The Constituent Assembly elections

were only a few weeks off, and when it convened, Russia was to have a new government.
There was another reason for striking soon. The Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets
was to meet on Nov. 7th. The Bolsheviks feared— and with reason— that the Kerensky
government would arrest or disband the entire congress and thereby doom the revolt.
For these reasons it was felt essential to overthrow the Provisional Government by or
before the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets convened on Nov. 7th.

On November 4th the Military Revolutionary Committee arranged huge mass meetings
in preparation for the forthcoming revolt. On .the following day the garrison of the Peter
and Paul Fortress declared itself in alliance with the Bolsheviks. On the 6th Kerensky
made one last attempt to forestall revolution by ordering the arrest of the Military
Revolution Committee, banning all Bolshevik publications, and ordering fresh troops to
replace the Petersberg garrison. These measures were never carried out.

Revolution

On the evening of November 6th Lenin came out of hiding and joined the Military
Revolutionary Committee at Smolny Institute which served as revolutionary
headquarters. At two A.M. the following morning the revolution began.

By noon the city was largely in Bolshevik hands. At three P.M. Lenin delivered a fiery
speech to the Petersberg Soviet— his first since July. At nine P.M. Bolshevik troops
began their two day siege of the Winter Palace, last stronghold of the Provisional
Government.

At eleven P. M. the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets convened with the
Bolsheviks in a clear majority. The Congress was now the official government of Russia.
The Jew Kamenev, was elected its first President. Lenin became Premier. Trotzky was
made Commissar of Foreign Affairs. Before dawn it had elected a Central Executive
Committee under the chairmanship of Kamenev, who thus had the distinction of being
the first President of the "Soviet Republic".

Within a few days (Nov. 21) the Jew, Sverdlov, succeeded Kamenev, and thus became
the second Jewish president of the "Soviet Republic". A relatively minor figure in
Bolshevik circles six months before the revolution, he very quickly became one of the
five top men in the party.

Before his early death two years later he had become the party's chief trouble-shooter
and had assumed absolute control over Russia's economic life.

CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY

On November 25th, 8 days after the Bolshevik coup, free elections were held throughout
Russia under machinery set up by the Provisional Government. The Bolsheviks, not yet
completely organized, made no attempt to interfere with the elections, but when it

became clear that the Bolsheviks would command only a minority in the Constituent
Assembly, they immediately laid plans to undermine its authority.

The Provisional Government had specified that the convocation of the Assembly should
be in the hands of a special commission. The Bolsheviks arrested this commission, and
substituted for it a "Commissary for the Constituent Assembly", headed by the Jew,
Uritzky.

By this tactic the Bolsheviks were able to exert their authority over the Assembly. When
the Assembly did finally convene, the Jew, Sverdlov, although not a delegate, took
charge of the proceedings, and actually called the meeting to order. Ten hours later the
Assembly was thrown into confusion when the Bolsheviks walked out. Shortly thereafter
Bolshevik troops brutally brought the Constituent Assembly to an end by ejecting the
delegates and locking the doors to the building.

This was the end of the Constituent Assembly. After having convened for only 13 hours,
it disbanded, never to meet again. So ended Russia's hope for a constitution and a
representative government.

In March, 1918, the Soviet Government moved its capital from Petersberg to Moscow. In
the same month the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party officially styled
itself the Communist Party ...

War Commissar

Meanwhile the enemies of the new regime were gathering strength. Before the year was
over the Soviet Government was under attack on six war fronts. Some of these anti-
communist armies were organized by pro-Tsarist sympathizers; others were organized
and financed by foreign governments. These "White Russian" forces constituted a
dangerous threat to the new regime, and in March Trotzky relinquished his post as
Commissar of Foreign Affairs to become Commissar of War, a position which gave him
authority over the Soviet Government's entire military resources. It was he who
organized and led the Red Army to victory Not until 1921 were the last of the anti-
communist forces destroyed.

Murder of the Royal Family

Shortly after the March Revolution of 1917 the Tsar had applied for permission for
himself and his family to leave the country. Nicholas II was closely related to the royal
families of England and Denmark, and he felt exile there was preferable to remaining a
prisoner in his own land. The Provisional Government had been inclined to grant his
request, but the Petersberg Soviet had blocked the move and the royal family had been
transferred to Ekaterinburg, in south Russia. There, in 1918, they were housed in the
home of a local merchant named Ipatiev. On July 17th anti-Bolshevik troops advanced
on Ekaterinburg and the local commissar, a Jew by the name of Yorovsky, ordered the
family— and their household servants— executed. Yorovsky personally dispatched

Nicholas with a pistol shot in the head. The rest of the family was executed by a firing
squad. Their bodies were then soaked in oil and burned ...

Should the reader be moved to look up the position of Ekaterinburg on a modern day
map of Soviet Russia, he will find no trace of it. The former city and province of
Ekaterinburg has been renamed "Sverdlovsk", in honor of the Jew, Yakov Sverdlov,
president of the "Soviet Republic" at the time of the execution ...

THE RED TERROR

On August 30, 1918, the Jew, Uritzky—
then head of the "Cheka"— was
assassinated and Lenin was wounded.
The assassins were both Jewish, and
both members of the Jewish-led Social
Revolutionary Party. The Bolsheviks
used this as an excuse for instituting the
Red Terror, which began the following
day, and which in a sense has continued
to the present.

Space simply does not permit us to give
an adequate description of what
followed. The entire membership of the
Communist Party, which in 1918
numbered perhaps no more than
100,000, was turned into an instrument
of murder. Its aims were two-fold; to
inspire dread and horror among the
Russian masses, and to exterminate the
middle and upper classes i.e., the
"bourgeois".

Men and women were executed or
imprisoned not because of any offense,
but simply because they belonged to the
"enemy class". And this definition
eventually included every merchant,

The above is a reproduction of a banner displayed by
the Bolsheviks on the first anniversary of the
Communist Revolution. After having butchered the
royal family and a substantial part of the nation's ruling
class, the Bolsheviks set out to "educate" the Russian
people to the joys of proletarian life. So successful has
this program of "education" been, that the enslaved
Russian people actually believe they are privileged to
live under Jew-Communism. The above poster,
incidentally, again reveals the Jewishness of the
Communist leadership: of the twelve shown, five are
Jews and one (Lenin) is married to a Jewess. To the
right of Lenin: Pokrovsky, Kamenev*, Sverdlov*,
Lunacharsky, Kollontai, Krylenko, Zinoviev*, Bukharin,
Trotsky*, Rykov, Radek*. *NOTE: On a previous page
Mme. Kollontai is inadvertently identified as Jewish.
Her nationality is unverified.

professional person and landowner. Not
only were these "class enemies" exterminated, but members of their families fell victim
as well. The Bolsheviks cleverly adopted the practice of making hostages of the families
of those who resisted the new order. David Shub in his slavishly pro-Marxist book,
"Lenin", gives the following description of the Red Terror in Petersberg: [Lenin, page
156 (ibid page 34).]

"Little time was wasted sifting evidence and classifying people rounded up in these
night raids. Woe to him who did not disarm all suspicion at once. The prisoners were
generally hustled to the old police station not far from the Winter Palace. Here, with or
without perfunctory interrogation, they were stood up against the courtyard wall and
shot. The staccato sounds of death were muffled by the roar of truck motors kept going
for the purpose."

This was the Red Terror in action.

The tragedy of all this cannot be measured by numbers alone; these people were the best
that Russia had. They were the leader class. They were the priests, and lawyers, and
merchants, and army officers, and university professors. They were the cream of
Russian civilization.

The total effect was much the same as it would be in any country. With its small middle
and upper class exterminated, Russia's peasant and worker population accepted Jewish
Bolshevism without protest. The Russian masses, deprived of its spokesmen and leaders
was simply incapable of counter-revolution. That was what the Red Terror set out to
accomplish ...

The Third International

A basic tenet of Marxist ideology was, and is, the promotion of world revolution. The
Bolshevik leadership undertook in 1919 to further this aim by establishing the Third
International, which convened in March of 1919. Its presiding officer was Lenin, and its
first president was the Jew, Zinoviev, who remained its head until 1926.

The prime objective of the Third International was to establish communist parties in the
various countries of the world, and to lend them aid and assistance in overthrowing
their respective governments. Prospects of success were bright in the spring of 1919 ...

Rosa Luxemburg's Revolution

The first country to experience a communist revolution
outside of Russia was Germany. The German government,
which had abetted the Bolshevik coup in 1917 by
facilitating Lenin's return to Russia via the sealed railway
car, was in 1918 faced with a revolution of its own.

In many respects the German Revolution paralleled the
one in Russia. As World War I reached the climatic year of
1918, and as German manpower losses mounted, the Jew-
dominated German Social Democratic Party spread the
seeds of defeatism among the German population much as
the Bolsheviks had done in Russia. On November 3rd a
mutiny broke out in the navy at Kiel, followed by rioting by
the Social Democrats. On November 9th the Kaiser

renounced his throne and the Social Democrats proclaimed a Socialist Republic. Two
days later, on Nov. nth, they agreed to an Armistice with the Allies.

There now occurred an event which was to embitter the German people against the Jews
for all time, and which eventually resulted in the rise of Adolph Hitler. This was the
demobilization of the German armies. It should be explained that Germany did not
surrender by the terms of the November nth Armistice; the agreement was that all
German armies were to withdraw to the pre-war boundaries of Germany as a
preliminary to a negotiated peace. But as the German armies retreated to German soil,
the Revolutionary government, fearful lest the Revolution be upset, ordered them
demobilized. On November nth Germany still possessed the mightiest military machine
on earth; thirty days later it had nothing. Instead of being able to negotiate peace on the
terms of Wilson's Fourteen Points, a helpless and prostrate Germany got the Versailles
Treaty. ...

No sooner had the German armies been demobilized than the more extreme elements of
the Social Democratic Party, led by Rosa Luxemburg, laid plans to seize control of the
revolution as the Bolsheviks had done in Russia. Aided by funds provided by the Soviet
ambassador Joffe, Rosa Luxemburg's "Spartacus Bund" in January of 1919 attempted to
overthrow the revolutionary government. The revolt, following bloody street fighting,
was quelled and its leaders, Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht, were imprisoned and
later executed by German army officers. Following the execution of Rosa Luxemburg,
the Third International dispatched the Jew, Karl Radek, to lead the party. Later the
Jewess, Ruth Fischer, assumed control of the German communist party, and remained
at its head till 1924.

BELA KUN

Following World War I, Hungary also had a communist Revolution, in this case the
instigator was the Jew, Bela Kun (Cohen), who imposed a communist regime on the
country in the spring of 1919. Bela Kun had participated in the Bolshevik Revolution in
Russia, and following the Armistice, he and a group of Jewish revolutionaries, using
forged passports, moved into Hungary and established the communist newspaper,
Voros Ursay (Red News). Well supplied with finances by the Soviet government, and
aided by the pro-communist resident Jewish population, Kun quickly became the
dictator of all Hungary.

Bela Kun proceeded to follow the pattern of the Bolshevik revolution. Says Encyclopedia
Britannica:

"Kun's programme was to 'arm at once, and forcibly transfer every industry and all
landed property without conservation into the hands of the proletariat. 'At first he
collaborated with the Social Democrats [Encyclopedia Britannica, page 517, vol. 13-
1946] but soon shouldered them aside, nationalized all banks, all concerns with over
200 employees, all landed property over 1000 ac, every building other than
workmen's dwellings. All jewelry, all private property above the minimum (e.g. two
suits, 4 shirts, 2 pair of boots and 4 socks) was seized; servants abolished, bathrooms

made public on Saturday nights; priests, with the insane, criminals and shopkeepers,
employing paid assistants were declared incapable of the active or passive suffrage."

The result of this program was, as in Russia, economic and social chaos. The
nationalization of every private bathroom in a country cannot be accomplished without
profoundly affecting the social and moral tone of its society. Neither can the land,
buildings, and industries of a nation be nationalized without creating havoc. As in
Russia, such a program could only be enforced by resorting to the Red Terror. During
Bela Kun's three month reign of terror, tens of thousands of people— priests, army
officers, merchants, landowners, professional people— were butchered.

The communizing of the country's industrial and agricultural resources produced a
famine in the cities, and this, combined with the peasantry's antipathy for the Jews,
resulted in Kun's eventual overthrow. In an amazingly frank report, the New
International Year Book of 1919 (Dodd, Mead, Co., page 587) has summarized the
situation:

"One of the chief weaknesses in the new regime was antipathy to the Jews. In the
country districts the feeling was widespread that the revolution had been a movement
on the part of the Jews to seize the power for themselves, and the remark was
frequently heard that if the Jews of Budapest died of starvation, so much the better for
the rest of the country. The government of Bela Run was composed almost exclusively
of Jews who held also the administrative offices. The communist had united at first
with the socialists who were not of the extremely radical party, but resembled
somewhat the Labor parties or trade unionists groups in other countries. Bela Run did
not, however select his personnel from among them, but turned to the Jews and
constituted virtually a Jewish bureaucracy. "

After three months of blood, murder, and pillage, Bela Kun Was deposed and interned
in a lunatic asylum. Later he was released and returned to Russia, where he assumed
control of the Red Terror organization the Cheka, in South Russia.

The Triumvirate

Lenin died of a brain hemorrhage in January of 1924. By this time the communists had
become firmly entrenched. The civil wars were over and every vestige of organized
resistance to Jewish-Bolshevism had been destroyed. On Lenin's death the party
leadership fell to fighting among itself.

Lenin had, as early as May of 1922 suffered a paralytic stroke which affected his speech
and motor reflexes. In December he suffered a second stroke, and his place was taken by
a triumvirate composed of Zinoviev, Kamenev, and Joseph Stalin. Shortly afterwards
Lenin suffered another stroke, and in 1924 he died.

Trotzky in Decline

In the early days of the new regime Trotzky had enjoyed near equality with Lenin in
prestige and power. Outside of Russia, Lenin -Trotzky were regarded as a duality, and in
current literature of that period their names were often hyphenated. The outside world
had therefore fully expected Trotzky to assume Lenin's mantle as party leader. But after
1922 Trotzky's prestige in the Politburo had declined rapidly, as we shall see.

In the year the triumvirate began to function the Politburo was composed of Lenin,
Zinoviev, Kamenev, Trotzky, Bukharin, Tomsky, and Stalin. The Lenin-Zinoviev-
Kamenev "troika" had, of course, been dominant so long as Lenin was active, but now
Zinoviev and Kamenev, as the surviving members of the "troika," regarded themselves
as Lenin's rightful successors, and they looked on Trotzky as a competitor. Into this
picture Stalin insinuated himself. He allied himself with Kamenev and Zinoviev, and the
three were able to turn the Politburo against Trotsky. Stalin thus became the junior
member of the triumvirate. Trotzky describes the situation this way [Stalin (ibid page
48) page 337]

"Used as a counterweight against me, he was bolstered and encouraged by Zinoviev
and Kamenev, and to a lesser extent by Rykov, Bukharin and Tomsky. No one thought
at the time that Stalin would some day loom away above their heads. In the first
triumvirate Zinoviev treated Stalin in a circumspectly patronizing manner; Kamenev
with a touch of irony. "

Zinoviev was considered to be the senior triumvir, and he gave the opening address at
the 12th Party Congress, a function heretofore reserved to Lenin. Zinoviev was not well
received in this capacity, and before the Congress had adjourned, Stalin's control over
the party machine gave him a dominant position! in the triumvirate. This was the
situation shortly after Lenin's death.

Stalin to Power

Stalin now moved to consolidate his position. In April of 1925 he engineered Trotzky's
removal as War Commissar. In the same month he broke with Zinoviev and Kamenev
and allied himself with politburo members Bukharin, Rykov, and Tomsky, Trotzky,
Zinoviev, and Kamenev now united their forces in opposition to Stalin. But now it was
too late. In February of 1926 Zinoviev was expelled from the Politburo then from the
presidency of the Petersberg (Leningrad) Soviet, and finally as president of the Third
International. Less than a month later (October 23) Trotzky and Kamenev were also
expelled from the Politburo.

This marked the end of any effective resistance to Stalin. The next year Zinoviev,
Kamenev, and Trotzky were removed from the party's Central Committee, and shortly
afterwards all three were read out of the party. In 1929 Trotzky was exiled abroad. In
June of 1930 Stalin became the supreme dictator of Russia.

It is frequently argued that Stalin's rise to power marked the end of the Jewish phase of
communism. In support of this, it is pointed out that while such Jews as Trotzky,
Zinoviev, Kamenev, Martynov, Zasulich, Deutsch, Parvus, Axelrod, Radek, Uritzky,
Sverdlov, Dan, Lieber, Martov, and others were prominent in the early history of the
revolution, these have almost without exception been executed or exiled. This on the
surface is a convincing argument. But it completely overlooks the fact that Stalin has
both a Jewish wife and a Jewish son-in-law. Both Stalin and his daughter, Svetlana,
have married into the powerful Jewish Kaganovich family.

STALIN'S PAST

Some authors have suggested that Stalin is himself a Jew. Known facts do not bear this
out. Stalin (born Joseph Vissarionovich Djugashvili) was born in the mountain village of
Gori, situated in the province of Georgia, in 1879. His father, Vissarion Djugashvili, was
a peasant from the neighboring town of Dido-Lilo— his mother was Ekaterina Geladze,
whose forebears were serfs in the village of Gambareuli.

Not too much is known about Stalin's father. He was for a time a cobbler, and he seems
to have worked as a day laborer in a shoe factory in Adelkhanov. He is said to have been
a heavy drinker.

Stalin's mother was a devoutly religious woman who took in washing to feed her family,
and her life's ambition was to see her son become a priest. Young "Stalin" attended the
elementary school in Gori— a four year course— and in 1894 he obtained a free
scholarship to the Tiflis Theological Seminary which provided free clothing, books, and
food in addition to his tuition. Four years later he was expelled, after which he applied
himself to revolutionary activity.

Stalin's first wife was Ekaterina Svanidze, who bore him one son (Yasha Jacob)
Dugashvili. Jacob was a dullard who, even after his father became dictator, worked as an
electrician and a railway mechanic.

Stalin's second wife was Nadya Alliluyeva, who bore him a son, Vasili, and a daughter,
Svetlana. Vasili is now a major-general in the Red Air Force.

Svetlana Stalin has been married twice. Nothing is known of her first husband— we do
not even know when the marriage occurred, or where, or who the groom was. It is an
official government secret.

Svetlana Stalin Marries Kaganovich

The fate, as well as the identity of Svetlana's first husband remains unknown. But of her
second husband there is no doubt whatever: he is Mihail Kaganovich, son of Politburo
minister Lazar Kaganovich and he is a Jew.

This leads one to speculate as to the true position of Lazar Kaganovich in Russia today.
With a daughter married to Stalin, and a son married to Stalin's only daughter, he is to
say the least, in a unique position. Just where Stalin's power leaves off and Kaganovich's
begins is difficult to determine. ...

KAGANOVICH

One of the most frequent arguments

used to disprove the Jewishness of

Russia's present day leadership,

strangely enough, revolves around

Lazar Kaganovich. Propagandists are

fond of pointing him out as "the only

Jewish member of the Politburo," the

suggestion being that since the

Politburo contains only one Jew, it is

plainly not Jewish controlled. But this

argument will not stand the light of

day it completely ignores the fact that

both Premier Stalin and vice-premier

Molotov have Jewish wives. And it

conveniently overlooks the fact that

the solitary Jew, Kaganovich, is doubly related to Stalin by marriage. Kaganovich is not

just another member of the Politbureau he is Stalin's brother-in-law, and his chief

advisor and trouble-shooter.

MOLQTQVi wiFt ii j-hf jfrt-w of ** J<w, Sam ittfi,

0*n>°n -■! ■'■■- tibtfi fcl-ji'>;1-lrri(j*il C-fl . ■.ridgnparh, Cnnn

The Stalin-Molotov-Kaganovich combination which
rules Russia today is just as solidly Jewish as was the
original Lenin-Zinoviev-Kamenev-Trotzky
government. The excerpt is taken from Life magazine
(July 14, 1941). It identifies Lazar Kaganovich as

1. "probably the ablest man on the politburo";

2. Stalin's brother-in-law;

3. "the most eligible looking member of the politburo";

4. a Jew.

Facts like these are considered "anti-Semitic," are
seldom printed by the American press.

IRON CURTAIN DICTATORS

In the communist satellite nations, as in Russia, the Jews occupy virtually every key
position of power. Perhaps no better proof of this can be found than in John Gunther's
book, Behind the Iron Curtain. [Behind the Iron Curtain - page 40 by John Gunther,
Harper & Brothers, New York.] Gunther, a Jew- Loving "liberal" of the most sickening

type, reveals that Poland, Hungary, Roumania, and Czechoslovakia all have Jewish
Dictators (see cut). Given here is a brief description of these
"Iron Curtain Dictators."

♦-^HUNGARY: The three "moscovites" mentioned by
Gunther (above), are the Jews, Matyas Rakosi
(Rosencranz), Erno Gero (Singer), and Zoltan Vas.
Hungary has enjoyed the unique privilege of undergoing
two bloody communist dictatorships, both Jewish-led. The
first was that of Bela Kun. When Kun's regime collapsed in
1919, hundreds of his Jewish compatriots fled with him to
Russia, among whom were Matyas Rakosi and Erna Gera.
In 1945, when the communists took over the country,
Matyas Rakosi was installed as the supreme dictator of
Hungary, with Erno Gera and Zoltan Vas occupying
positions number two and three.

MATrAJ nA<05'

Rakosi is an intimate of Stalin, knew Lenin personally, and was Commissar of Social
Production under Bela Kun. He is a typical member of the Jewish bureaucracy which
controls communism.

Although every foreign correspondent and every news service knows the identity of
these "Iron Curtain" dictators, they are seldom in the press, and never are they
identified as Jews. Any newspaperman daring to identify the communist leadership as
Jewish would instantly be threatened with loss of advertising, and would be accused of
"bigotry" and "anti-Semitism."

^POLAND: Poland has
shared the tragic fate of
Hungary. "The men who
dominate Poland" (See
Gunther's cut, preceding page)
are the Jews, Mine,
Skryeszewski, Modzelewski,
and Berman. The first three are
of cabinet rank, while Jacob
Berman's official position is
that of Under-Secretary of
State— a minor office. Yet it is
this Jacob Berman who is the
undisputed boss of Poland.

mufliSK Ami Liifcje pari in their administrations.

10, J-fi-L's jrtay :i very prominent role in scvural guvcJ'Uluicntt.

HiTf' w.e tread rleJu-itLe ^Toumd. The ilireu "Muscovites" vvha
run Jliin^iy ajc Jfiwg, the men who dominate Poland aic Jrvt\ .
the MJtrctiiry ^tihthJ til the {^omrewiiist party in Czechoslovakia
is a Jew, A™ Paukar nf liumania u a Jewess. This brings up
the gravt point that Jews, aa a Trace and a nai.ion. may be un-
ju«ly a^essrcl blame— by the ignoram — for the nature of th

The above excerpt is taken from page 40 of John Gunther's Behind
the Iron Curtain. Later in the book Gunther identifies "the three
moscovites who run Hungary," as the Jews, Rakosi, Vas, and Gero.
He also identifies the Jew who runs Poland as Jacob Berman, and
reveals that the Jewish general secretary of the party in
Czechoslovakia is Rudolph Slansky. In spite of all this, Gunther
vigorously denies Communism and Jewish.
Berman, a product of the

Warsaw ghetto, has lived in Russia, and was installed as dictator over Poland when the
Russian armies took over the country. He prefers to work behind the scenes as much as
possible— a device frequently used to hide the Jewishness of communism. Poland's

Jewish bureaucracy is perhaps the largest of my Iron Curtain country outside of Russia
proper. Although Jews comprise less than 3% of the total population behind the Iron
Curtain, they occupy virtually every position of authority. These facts should convince
even the most doubtful that communism is Jewish— that behind international
communism stands the international Jew. Jews and communists will never bother to
deny this, but they will viciously attack those who expose the truth.

^^ROUMANIA [Romania]: Anna Pauker, well known as the boss of Roumania, is so
obviously Jewish, and so well recognized as such, that documentation is unnecessary.

Anna was born in Bucharest of orthodox Jewish parents. Her father (who was a Kosher
butcher) and a brother now live in Israel. Anna earned a living for a time teaching
Hebrew, and for a while she lived in the U.S. Her husband became identified as a
"Trotskyite," and was executed in one of Stalin's purges. Today Anna Pauker is one of
the most powerful figures in the communist world.

^* YUGOSLAVIA: The only non-Jewish dictator behind the Iron Curtain is Tito of
Yugoslavia, which fact probably explains his revolt against the Kremlin. But Tito was
tutored by the Jew, Mosa Pijade. Says John Gunther of Pijade: "He is Tito's mentor ...
Whatever ideological structure Tito may have, he got from this shrewd old man."
[Behind the Iron Curtain, by John Gunther, Harper Brothers, New York.]

■CZECHOSLOVAKIA: The secretary-general of the communist party in
Czechoslovakia, whom John Gunther identifies as a Jew dictator, is Rudolph Slansky.
Like the other satellite dictators, he was placed in command of things when the
communists took over. Slansky, incidentally, has been purged by the party, and is at this
writing under arrest.

The excerpt to the left [about 50 words, under headline A Czech Purge] is taken from
page 10 of the Dec. 10th QUICK magazine. Notice that although Slansky is identified as
the "former Red Boss" of Czechoslovakia, he is not identified is a Jew.

JEWS IN AMERICA

Jewish historians divide Jewish immigration into the U. S. into three phases: the
Sephardic or Spanish Period, the German Period and the Russian-Polish Period.

Sephardic Period

Since colonial America was still a pioneer country, there were almost no Jews here
before the American Revolution. In 1776 there were certainly no more than a few score
of Sephardic Jews in the entire country. Modern Jewish historians have tried to prove
the existence of two Jewish privates in Washington's armies, but the question is of no
consequence either way. By 1830—50 years after the Declaration of Independence, and

220 years after the founding of Jamestown— there were an estimated 10,000 Jews in the
U.S., comprising perhaps i/5th of 1% of the total population.

German Period

During this period a fairly steady trickle of German Jews came to the U.S. mainly from
Germany, so that by 1880 they numbered about 250,000, out of a total population of 50
million— about 1/2 of 1%.

Russian-Polish Period

Following the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881, vast numbers of Russian Jews
inundated our port cities; between 1881 and 1917 our Jewish population increased by
1200%— to more than three millions!

World War I and the Russian Revolution added to this influx. Many Jews left Poland
when as a result of the Versailles Treaty, it was made independent of Soviet Russia;
others fled Russia during the counter-revolution and civil war which raged in 1918-1919-
1920. The White Russian Armies, regarding Bolshevism as a Jewish movement, showed
little mercy to those Jewish communities falling into their hands. Many Jews, fleeing
these anti-communist armies, eventually made their way to the U.S.

This flood of immigration continued until 1924, when the Johnson-Lodge bill
temporarily brought it to a halt. However, when the Roosevelt administration came to
power in 1932, the barriers were once again lowered, so that in the calendar years of
!939> 52.3% of all immigrants admitted to the U.S. were Jewish. Since World War II this
influx has continued under so-called DP legislation, with the result that approximately
half of the world's Jewish population has now congregated here. Today, official Jewish
sources estimate America's Jewish population to be (1949) 5,185,000. The actual figure
is almost certainly higher, and may exceed 7 million ...

NEW YORK: Jew Capital of the World

"The newly arrived Jews settled in the metropolitan centers, New York alone
absorbing approximately half of the total Jewish immigration. But the "ghettoization"
of the East-European Jews in the United States was the result not of objective forces
only: it was as much the result of the immigrant's desire to retain all they could of their
old way of life"

—Page 218, The Jewish People, Past and Present, Central Yiddish Culture Organization
(CYCO) New York.

New York City, with its more than two million Jews, has been the staging ground for the
Jewish invasion of the U.S. Here the Jewish immigrant has found a ghetto-like
environment similar to the one he left in east-Europe. Here he learns the language and
customs of the country. Here he gathers know-how and capital before faring forth into

the hinterland of America Soon he will be buying up a business on the Main Street of
Los Angeles, or Dallas, or Chicago.

Many lower class Jews, being unable to learn the language or raise the capital, or being
otherwise unequipped to go into business or the professions, have settled in New York
to become workers and craftsmen. Thus we find Ben Gold's communistic fur workers
union, and David Dubinsky's "socialistic" garment workers union, consisting almost
entirely of Jews. As would be expected therefore New York City has been the seed-bed
for communism in the United States.

U.S. Communist Party

The American Communist Party has never been very large in 1940 it had an estimated
80,000 members; it has perhaps half that many now. On first appearances this would
seem to rule it out as a significant force in American politics. But appearances can be
deceptive. Unlike the mass-recruited communist parties of France and Italy, the
American communist party is small, carefully chosen, well disciplined, and fanatical.
Few— perhaps no one— of its membership has been recruited from the sweaty-shirt
strata, its members are college professors and union leaders, physicists and government
workers, reporters, playwrights and business executives, actors and newspaper
reporters. Some of its members are wealthy; almost all are well educated. Its chief asset
is its ability to mobilize the combined forces of American Jewry to its use.

THE TREASON TRIALS

Since early 1945 the communist party has been involved, in a series of highly publicized
treason and conspiracy trials utterly without precedent in American history These
included

the "Amerasia Case,"

the "Gerhart Eisler Case,"

the "Judith Coplin Case,"

the "Alger Hiss Case,"

the "Hollywood Ten Case,"

the "Fuchs-Gold Atom Spy Case,"

the "Rosenberg-Sobell Case,"

and the case of "Eugene Dennis and the Convicted Eleven."

It was impossible, of course, to conceal altogether the Jewishness of the overwhelming
majority of the defendants. But Jewish propagandists exhausted every trick in trying.
One Jewish publication— Look magazine— ran a picture story on the spy trials in which
the defendants were variously described as "typical Americans" ... "American born" . .
and "as American as apple pie." So there will be no further doubt regarding the racial
identity of the American communist party, we have accumulated photographs and data
on virtually every communist indicted or tried for communistic activity since 1945. The
reader may judge for himself.

AMERASIA CASE

In early 1945 the FBI arrested six individuals, three of whom are known Jews, for
stealing 1700 highly confidential documents from State Department files. This was the
Amerasia Case. Those arrested were:

• PHILIP JAFFE, a Russian Jew who came to the U.S. in 1905. He was editor of the
magazine, "Amerasia," and was the former editor of the communist paper, "Labor
Defense." He was convicted and fined.

• ANDREW ROTH, a Brooklyn born Jew with a lieutenant's commission in Naval
Intelligence.

• MARK GAYN, a writer, born in Manchuria of Russian-Jewish parents. His Jew name is
Julius Ginsberg.

• JOHN STEWART SERVICE, a high State Department official who gave Jaffe much of
the stolen material He is believed to be a gentile.

ALSO ARRESTED were Emmanuel Larsen and Kate Mitchel, nationality unknown.

Only two of those arrested were actually brought to trial, although the Justice
Department's case was considered airtight. The trial of the ringleader, Philip Jaffe, was
one of the strangest on record. Late one Friday afternoon he was rushed into court
without any previous notice or publicity, and before anyone knew what was going on he
pleaded guilty, and was sentenced and fined. By paying the comparatively insignificant
sum of $1,500.00 he was relieved from the danger of any future prosecution. Roth paid
a $500.00 fine.

John Stewart Service was not prosecuted, nor was he discharged from his high State
Department position. The State Department, despite the constant prodding of Senator
McCarthy of Wisconsin, refused to accept the evidence against him. Four times he was
called before the State Department's "loyalty board," and four times he was cleared.

This in spite of an FBI wire recording of his transactions with Jaffe! Not until the fifth
loyalty hearing was it decided that there were "reasonable" grounds for suspecting his
loyalty. This came six years after the original arrests. Somewhere, hidden hands were
pulling wires ...

ALGER HISS CASE

The second treason case also involved the State Department. This was the trial of Alger
Hiss, protege of Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter. Hiss, like Acheson, was a
student under Frankfurter at Harvard.

Hiss was one of the most influential men in the State Department. At Yalta he had been
a Roosevelt advisor; at San Francisco he helped draw up the United Nations charter.
And he was an intimate friend of the secretary-of-state.

Hiss, although a communist, was not convicted for being one. He perjured himself by
denying his communist activities, however, and it was on this charge that he was tried
and convicted.

The Alger Hiss trial was also a unique one. Dean Acheson's wife campaigned to raise
funds for his defense. Acheson himself declared: "I'll not turn my back on Alger Hiss."
Felix Frankfurter actually took the witness stand to testify as a character witness for his
protege. In spite of all this, Hiss was convicted and sent to the penitentiary.

Frankfurter's role in this treasonable drama is worth commenting on. An immigrant
Jew from Austria, he has a life-long affinity for pro-Marxist causes. He first attained
prominence as one of the defenders of Sacco and Vanzetti.

Frankfurter, along with Lehman and Henry Morgenthau, is one of the most influential
Jews in America today. In addition to Acheson and Hiss, he has been responsible for the
placing of an estimated 200 of his "proteges" in high places. These include:

1. Nathan Witt, former general secretary of the National Labor Relations Board;

2. Lee Pressman, chief legal counsel for the CIO;

3. John Abt, key attorney for the SEC, AAA, and WPA.

All are Marxist Jews; Pressman has admitted being a card carrying party member.

Frankfurter may or may not be a communist, but an amazing number of his proteges,
including Alger Hiss, have turned out to be. That was the background of the Alger Hiss
Case.

Judith Coplin

One of the most publicized treason trials was that of Jewish Judith Coplin in June of
1949. She was caught red-handed passing classified documents from Justice
Department files to a Russian agent, who happened to be employed by the United
Nations. She was convicted of espionage and sentenced to 15 years in prison. Later the
conviction was set aside by the Supreme Court on the grounds that the FBI had arrested
her improperly and with out a warrant. It pays to have a friend on the Supreme Court, or
so it would seem...

Gerhart Eisler

The highest ranking communist ever brought to trial in the U.S. was Gerhart Eisler.
Between 1935 and February of 1947 he was the secret boss of the Communist Party in
the U.S. In those years he commuted regularly between the U.S. and Russia, using the
aliases Berger, Brown, Edwards, and others. His right hand man, and the second
ranking cominform (Communist Information Bureau) agent in the U.S. was J. Peters,
author of the "Peters' Manual." His real name was Goldberger, and like Eisler he is
Jewish.

Several of Eisler's family have also been prominent in the Party. A brother, Hans, has
built an outstanding reputation as a writer of revolutionary songs. He is presently
employed as a songwriter in Hollywood. A sister, Ruth Fischer, was a communist agent
for a number of years.

In May of 1950, while free on bail, Eisler fled the U.S. on the Polish ship Batory and is
now propaganda chief of Russian-occupied Eastern Germany.

The Hollywood Ten

In 1950 the ten leading film
writers of the Hollywood
Film Colony, nine of whom
are known Jews, were
convicted for contempt of
Congress and sentenced to
prison. All had appeared
before the House Committee
on Un-American Activities in
1948, and all had refused to
testify.

The Film Colony went all-out

in its support. A group of

film notables, including shown aboye are the convicted "Hollywood Ten." All wear $200.00

Lauren Bacall and suits, all are in the one-to-five thousand dollar a week bracket. All of

Humphrey Bogart, chartered them are Yiddish except one.

a special plane to

Washington. Jewish publications everywhere raised the cry that the Un-American

Activities Committee was victimizing a group of artists who, at the worst, were liberally

inclined.

As events proved, the committee knew exactly what it was doing. Six of the "Hollywood
Ten" were communist party members. The other four had flagrantly pro-communist
records. Furthermore, as screen writers they were in a particularly advantageous
position to insert subtle bits of red propaganda into pictures. Given here is a roll-call of
the Hollywood Ten:

1. Alvah Bessie, a screen-writer. A communist party member, he wrote for the party
publication, New Masses.

2. Herbert Biberman, received a six month sentence and a $1,000.00 fine. A party
member, he is the Yiddish husband of academy award winning actress Gale
Sondergaard.

3. Lester Cole, also a party member.

4. Edward Dmytryk, who belongs to 15 fronts. Fined and sentenced.

5. Ring Lardner, Jr., a script writer and party member.

6. John Howard Lawson, a Broadway playwright and screen writer. Wrote
"Professional," "Success Story." A party member.

7. Albert Maltz, wrote "Merry-go-Round," "Snake Pit." A party member.

8. Sam Ornitz, a screen writer.

9. Adrian Scott, nationality not verified.

10. Dalton Trumbo, a party member.

The American Politburo

One of the top news stories of 1949 was the trial of Eugene Dennis and the Convicted
Eleven. Collectively, this group comprised the National Secretariat of the American
Communist Party; in other words, the American Politburo.

The much publicized trial was held in the court of Judge Harold Medina. Perhaps no
other single event has served better to demonstrate the Jewishness of the American
communist party. Here were the top party executives driven out into the open for
everybody to see. How many were Jewish? At least six. They are:

1. Jacob Stachel, a Russian-born Jew and still an alien.

2. John Gates (Jew name Israel Regenstreif), editor-in-chief of the Daily Worker and a
former officer in the Communist Brigade in Spain.

3. Gilbert Green (Greenberg).

4. Gus Hall (Jew name, Arvo Mike Haeberg), son of Lithuanian-Jewish parents.

5. Irving Potash, a Russian-born Jew.

6. Carl Winter (Jew name Philip Carl Weissberg).

The racial identity of Eugene Dennis (Waldron), Robert Thompson, and John
Williamson has not been determined.

Ten of the eleven were sentenced to 5 years in federal prison and fined $1,000,000 each.
Thompson received a three year sentence.

The Fuchs-Gold Spy Ring

On February 3rd, 1949, British intelligence agents arrested a diminutive German-born
atomic scientist by the name of Klaus Fuchs. He was accused, and subsequently
convicted, of passing atomic secrets to the Russians. At the beginning of World War II
Fuchs had been interned by the British as an enemy alien. He was subsequently released
from British custody and admitted to the U.S. at the personal instigation of Albert
Einstein. As a scientist for the Manhattan Project, he had access to our innermost
atomic secrets between 1942 and 1945, and he is said to be one of the few men familiar
with the overall construction of the A-bomb. He is now serving a penitentiary term in
England for espionage.

Acting on information obtained from Fuchs, the FBI began a series of investigations
which resulted in the eventual arrest of nine other members of the ring. Of these nine,
all of whom were later convicted, eight were Jewish. Here is a brief description of the
entire ring:

• Harry Gold (Jew name Goldodnitsky). A chemist, he was born in Switzerland of
Russian-Jewish parents. He studied at Drexel University, University of Pennsylvania,
and Xavier University He was a courier for the Soviet espionage chief, S. M. Semenov,
who used the Amtorg Trading Corporation as a base of operations. Gold traveled all over
the country collecting information from ring members strategically placed in defense and
atomic energy installations. Arrested in May of 1950, he pleaded guilty of espionage and
received 30 years in prison.

• David Greenglass, the son of a Russian-Jewish father and a Polish-Jewish mother,
was one of those who passed atomic information to Gold. Between 1943 and 1946 he was
employed at the vital atomic installation at Los Alamos, New Mexico. He also gave Julius
Rosenberg vital information concerning the "fuse" used to detonate the A-bomb.
Significantly, the chief of the Los Alamos project at this time was the Jew, Robt.
Oppenheimer. Klaus Fuchs was also passing A-bomb information to Harry Gold from
Los Alamos during this period.

• Abraham Brothman was another member of the ring. He headed the engineering firm
of A. Brothman and Associates, Long Island, N. Y. He supplied Gold with secret data on
aviation gasoline, turbo aircraft engines, and synthetic rubber. So valuable was his
contribution that a Russian official allegedly told him his efforts were worth two brigades
to Soviet Russia. He was arrested on July 27th, 1950, for conspiracy against the U.S. and
was convicted.

• Miriam Moskowitz was also caught in the spy net. A graduate of the City College of
NYC, she was arrested August 17, 1950 as part of the same apparatus. She was employed
by the War Manpower Commission between 1942-44, and was later associated with the
Brothman firm. Miriam is Yiddish. She was convicted.

• Sidney Weinbaum, a product of Russia's "Charkoff ' Institute of Technology, came to
the U.S. in 1922. His real name is Israel Weinbaum. He was connected with the radiation
laboratory at CalTech for four years, during which time he furnished the Soviet
government with atomic secrets. He was convicted on a perjury charge.

• Alfred Dean Slack, was the only gentile besides Fuchs to be apprehended. While
employed at the Oak Ridge establishment he gave atomic information to Harry Gold. He
is also believed to have given Gold intelligence about a new secret explosive while
employed at the Holtson Ordnance Works at Kingsport, Tenn. His alma mater is
Syracuse University.

The Rosenbergs

Three other members of the Fuchs-Gold ring were also arrested. However, unlike the
first seven— who pleaded guilty— they chose to plead "not guilty." As a result two of
them— Julius and Ethel Rosenberg— received the death penalty and the third, Morton
Sobell, received 30 years in prison.

• Julius Rosenberg was born of Russian-Jewish parents. An electrical engineer and a
graduate of the City College of New York City, he was instrumental in recruiting
Greenglass into the spy ring. While employed at the Emerson Electric Company he stole
the plans for the highly secret proximity fuse which is now being used against American
planes in Korea. He also aided in the theft of atomic secrets: His job was to digest
information from Greenglass, and then pass it on to Soviet agents. He was sentenced to
death.

Ethel Rosenberg, wife of Julius, was convicted of the same charges at the same time.
She is a sister of David Greenglass. David Greenglass's wife acted as a courier between
Greenglass and the Rosenbergs, but for some reason was not put on trial.
Morton Sobell was also a graduate of the City College of New York City. He and
Rosenberg were classmates together. Sobell passed electronic data to Rosenberg,
including radar secrets. He fled to Mexico to escape arrest, was returned by Mexican
authorities. He was convicted for conspiracy to commit espionage and was sentenced to
30 years in prison.

Behind the Atom Treason

The question which instantly
comes to mind is: how were
communist agents able to ferret
out our valuable atom secrets
when so much secrecy surrounded
the entire project? Why was it that
Russia had the full secret of atom-
bomb manufacture before the
American people even knew of the
existence of atomic weapons?
These questions are especially
puzzling when we consider the
fantastic security measures taken
to safeguard the secret. Bob
Considine once described a fire
which burned down a large
building housing an atomic
installation. Although firemen

could have easily saved the building, plant guards would not permit them to enter the
restricted area because they didn't have authorized passes! Not even members of the
U.S. Congress were let in on the secret. Yet the Soviet agents were able to penetrate this
security wall as though it weren't there. How did they do it?

Left to right: W. W. Waymack, L. L. Straus*, David Lilienthal*,
R. F. Bacher*, Sumner Pike. In 1945 Harry Truman removed
atomic energy from military authority and placed it under this
Jew-dominated board, headed by David Lilienthal. Lilienthal
had a pro-communist record.

First it should be remembered that a central figure in the atomic program was Albert
Einstein, a foreign-born Jew with a record of 16 red fronts to his credit. It has never
been proven that Einstein is an actual party member, but there can be absolutely no
doubt as to where his sympathies lie. Nor can there be any doubt regarding the red tint
of his friends. A list of those around Einstein reads like a Who's Who of Communism. It
was Einstein who was instrumental in having Fuchs brought to the United States.
Furthermore, it should be remembered that the chief of the Los Alamos installation
between 1943-45, when most of the secrets were stolen, was the Jew, Robert
Oppenheimer. Robert Oppenheimer has a brother, Frank, who is also an atomic
scientist and who is, or was, a card carrying communist. Frank Oppenheimer belonged
to "Professional Unit No. 122 of the Communist Party," while on the staff at Cal-Tech.

Finally, it should be noted that shortly after V-J day Harry Truman turned America's
atomic energy program over to a board consisting of five men, three of whom were Jews.

Not only that, but the Jewish chairman, David Lilienthal, had belonged to at least two
communist fronts previous to his appointment. This was the background to the atom
treason.

Scientist X

There have been other instances of Jewish treason in our atomic energy program.
Witness the case of the much publicized "Scientist X" who from 1943 on passed vital
atomic information to Steve Nelson.

"Scientist X" proved to be a Jew by the name of Joseph W. Weinberg of the University of
Minnesota.

Steve Nelson? His real name is Mesarosh and his birthplace is Belgrade. "Nelson"
studied at the Lenin Institute in Moscow and resided in Russia from September of 1931
to July 1943. Recently cited for contempt of Congress, he was originally arrested for
deportation in 1922 when it was found that he had fraudulently entered this country by
using the passport of one Joseph Fleishinger, a cousin ...

Canadian Spy Ring

Canada has also had spy trouble. There as in the U.S. the Soviet Embassy served as
headquarters for espionage activity. There, as in the U.S. the principal characters in the
plot were Jews.

In early 1945 an employee of the Russian embassy in Ottawa packed hundreds of secret
Russian documents into a suitcase and turned himself over to Canadian authorities. As a
result, a spy ring was uncovered which included— among others— a member of the
Canadian Parliament and a professor at McGill university. Leader of the ring, and by far
its most important member, was Fred Rose (Rosenberg) the only communist in the
Canadian Parliament. Rose, a Polish-Jew. was the ringleader, the recruiter, and the
courier for the ring.

On June 16, 1946, he was sentenced to prison for his activities. The following year (Dec.
6. 1947) Dr. Raymond Boyer, a professor at McGill university was sentenced to two
years in prison for having given Rose information concerning the secret explosive, RDX.
Boyer was married to the Jewess, Anita Cohen. Arraigned with Rose were Samuel
Gerson (of Russian-Jewish parentage), and David Shugar, believed to be Jewish.
Other Jews implicated in the Fred Rose spy ring included: J. Isidor Gottheil, Israel
Halperin, and Sam Carr (Cohen). (NOTE: This is not a complete listing of the Fred
Rose spy ring.)

Second-String Politburo

Soon after the conviction of the Eugene Dennis crew, a second-string politburo was
scheduled to assume control of the party apparatus. This new politburo consisted of 21
members, 14 of whom are Jewish. On June 21, 1951, the Justice Department indicted the

entire group for conspiracy against the United States government. At the present writing
they are free on bail pending trial. Here is the roll-call:

1. Israel Amter, 70, a long-time party stalwart. He organized the "Friends of the Soviet
Union in the U.S.", a front organization which numbers Albert Einstein among its
prominent members.

2. Marian Maxwell Abt, 52, public relations director and secretary of the party's
"Defense Commission." She is a Chicago Jewess.

3. Isidore Begun, 47, a Russian- Jew who formerly taught in New York City's public
schools. He is a party writer and lecturer.

4. Alexander Bittelman, 61, a Russian- Jew, and reputed to be "one of the foremost
theoreticians and dialecticians of the party."

5. George B. Charney, 46, a Russian- Jew. He is the trade union secretary of the N. Y.
state communist party.

6. Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, 60, chairman of the party's "Women's Commission." A
gentile, she was born in Concord, N. H.

7. Betty Gannett, 44, national education director for the party. She is a Polish-Jewess,
and still an alien.

8. Simon W. Gerson, 41, chairman of the party's "N. Y State Legislative Bureau." He is
believed to be Jewish.

9. Victory [sic] Jeremy Jerome, 54, chairman of the party's cultural commission. He is a
Polish-Jew.

10. Arnold Samuel Johnson, temporary chairman of District 5 Western Pennsylvania.
Born in Seattle, he is a gentile.

11. Claudia Jones, 36, secretary of the party's "National Women's Commission."

12. Albert Francis Lannon, 43, party's "National Maritime Coordinator" and president of
the "Communist Political Association of Maryland and Washington, D. C." Nationality
unknown.

13. Jacob Mindel, 69, an old-time party wheel horse. He is a Russian Jew.

14. Petty Perres, 54, national secretary of the party's Negro Commission.

15. Alexander Trachtenberg, head of International Publishers, inc.

16. Louis Weinstock, 48, member of the party's "National Review Commission." He is a
Hungarian Jew.

17. Wm. Wold Weinstone, 53, a charter member of the party and a former secretary of its
Michigan branch. A Russian-Jew.

18. Fred Fine, 37, secretary of the party's "Public Affairs Commission." He is a Chicago
Jew.

19. James Edward Jackson, 36, the party's "Southern Regional Director."

20. Wm. Norman Marron, 49, executive secretary of the N. Y. State Communist Party. He
is a Russian-Jew.

21. Sidney Steinberg, the party's "Assistant National Labor Secretary." He is a Lithuanian
Jew.

THE ROUNDUP

On July 26th, 1951, the FBI arrested the 15 leading communist party officials on the
West Coast (see preceding page). They were all identified by the FBI as second-string
leaders, the top leadership being already under detention. A few days later, on August
7th, five second-string leaders were also arrested in the east. All were charged with
conspiracy to overthrow the U.S. government.

Of the 15 arrested on the West Coast, six have been identified as Jews. They are

1. Henry Steinberg, a Polish-Jew;

2. Rose Chernin (Kusnitz), a Russian-Jewess;

3. Frank Carlson, a Russian Jew;

4. Ben Dobbs, a New York Jew;

5. Frank Spector, a Russian-Jew;

6. Al Richmond, a Russian Jew.

Of the remaining nine, Dorothy Healey, Philip Connelly, and Otto Fox are gentile; Carl
Rude Lambert is believed to be Jewish, and the identity of the others has not been
determined.

Of the five arrested in the east, four are Jewish. They are:

1. Roy Wood, 36, a gentile and chairman of the Washington D.C., Communist Party;

2. Regina Frankfeld, 41, a party organizer in Cleveland;

3. George Meyers, 38, a party organizer;

4. Philip Frankfield, 44, an organizer;

5. Rose Blumberg, of Brooklyn.

All except Wood are Yiddish.
THREE GENTILES

Perhaps some attention should be devoted to three gentiles who have figured
prominently in several of the treason trials, and whose names have constantly appeared
in the press for several years. The three are: Whittaker Chambers, Elizabeth Bentley,
and Vanderbilt Field.

None of the three has been indicted nor convicted of a crime, and none at the present
time are party members. In fact, two have become enemies of Communism.
Nevertheless they deserve a place in any description of the American communist party.

Vanderbilt Field

Because he is a gentile and because he has a famous name, Vanderbilt Field is perhaps
better known to the American public than any other member of the communist
conspiracy. This prominence is not accidental. Jewish propagandists, whether
communist or not, invariably seek to conceal the Jewish nature of Communism by
giving lavish publicity to gentiles such as Field. As a point of fact, Field does not belong
to party, nor was he among those arrested when the top leadership was being rounded
up.

Field is secretary of the "Civil Rights Congress Bail Fund," which is entrusted with
raising bail for party members in trouble. He is married to the Jewess, Anita Cohen,
former wife of the convicted spy, Raymond Boyer.

Whittaker Chambers

One of the principal witnesses against Alger Hiss at his trial was Whittaker Chambers,
who like Hiss is a gentile. Chambers— of pumpkin letter fame— was formerly an editor of
the Daily Worker and later an associate editor of Time magazine. A product of
Columbia university Chambers began his underground work for the party in 1932. He
has since renounced communism and has joined the Catholic Church. Like Elizabeth
Bentley, he has given invaluable aid to the FBI and the un-American activities
committee in their efforts to track down key members of the communist party.
Chambers is married to a Jewess.

Elizabeth Bentley

Elizabeth Bentley, a product of Vassar, is another former communist who has done
much to expose the communist underground. For several years she served as a courier
for a communist espionage network. She was the mistress of the Jew, Jacob Golos, a
trusted Soviet agent and her immediate superior. He died of a heart attack on
Thanksgiving day, 1943. It was after his death that Elizabeth Bentley turned against the
party. Since then she has co-operated with the FBI and the un-American Activities
Committee.

COMMUNISM IN HOLLYWOOD

No discussion of communism would be complete without giving some attention to the
Hollywood scene. Within the past few years a number of investigations by the House
Committee on Un-American Activities, and by California's "Tenney Committee," have
unearthed a veritable hotbed of Communism in the movie colony. We have already
made some mention of the convicted "Hollywood Ten" who received sentences for
contempt of congress. There are literally hundreds of other high placed Jews with pro-
communist records in the film colony, including millionaire actors, directors, producers,
writers, and executives.

The question immediately arises as to why so many of these wealthy and privileged Jews
embrace Communism. The answer is, of course, that communism is not an economic
movement, but a racial movement. Communism cannot be understood, or dealt with, on
any other basis.

An Easy Target

There is a question in the minds of many as to how and why the Communists took over
Hollywood. To begin with, the Hollywood motion picture industry is the most important
vehicle of propaganda in the English speaking world today. In the long run Hollywood
exerts a greater influence over the English speaking peoples than all other propaganda
mediums combined. It has therefore become a prime target for communist infiltration.
And since the film industry is overwhelmingly Jewish, communist agents encountered a
minimum of difficulty in setting up shop. To give the reader some idea as to the extent of

the Jewish control over Hollywood, we have prepared the following survey of the motion
picture industry

Jews Own the Film Industry

The Hollywood film industry is almost exclusively a Jewish enterprise. In the entire
industry there are two, and only two, major Hollywood film producers operated by
gentiles. All the rest are Jew-owned.

The two gentile firms are Twentieth-Century Fox, and RKO Pictures. Both companies, it
should be noted, were originally formed by Jews, and were Jew owned and operated
until recently. In 1948 Howard Hughes bought an eight million dollar bloc of RKO stock
(assets of the firm are $113,638,000.00) and since then has been prominent in directing
its affairs. The other gentile firm is 20th Century Fox, whose president is Spyros
Skouras, a Greek.

The Big Three

The three largest motion picture firms in Hollywood are completely Jewish, and in a
very real sense they dominate the industry. The "Big Three" are:

• LOEWS, INC., the giant of the industry, with assets listed at $223,141,585.43. Its
founder was Marcus Loew, a Jew, and its current president is Nicholas Schenck, a
Russian-Jew from the Pale of Settlement. Loews, Inc. owns Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
(MGM), whose president was Louis B. Mayer for many years. Dore Schary, a Jew with
four communist fronts to his credit, now heads MGM.

. PARAMOUNT PICTURES, INC., with assets listed at $185,588,505.00, is the second
largest film producer in Hollywood. Its president is the Jew, Barney Balaban. Paramount
also owns the American Broadcasting Company (ABC).

• WARNER BROTHERS PICTURES, INC., is the third largest picture company in
Hollywood, with assets of $176,284,761.00. Its president is Harry Warner, a Polish Jew.
There were originally four Warner brothers: Samuel, Harry, Albert, and Jack. In addition
to their Hollywood holdings, the brothers at one time owned 530 theatres in the U.S.,
and 35 film exchanges throughout the world. Positions number four and five go to 20th
Century Fox and RKO Pictures, described above.

. UNIVERSAL PICTURES, INC., with assets of $47,984,034.00 is the sixth largest
film company in Hollywood. Its president is the Jew, Nate J. Blumberg.

• COLUMBIA PICTURES, INC., with assets of $39,521,240.00, is number seven in
Hollywood. Its president is the New York Jew, Harry Cohn.

This completes the roster of Hollywood picture producers with assets of twenty million
dollars or more. Of the seven firms listed above, five are totally Jewish owned and
operated, and the other two were formerly Jewish owned, and may still be in part. There
are several smaller firms which we have not listed, and they too are overwhelmingly
Jewish. (Note: Above names and figures apply to the year 1950)

"Kosher Valley"

Hollywood has become a Jew town. The Fairfax area, which is the heart of the
Hollywood residential district, is slightly more than 60% Jewish, according to Jewish
statistics (published in the California Jewish Voice). Virtually every shop and store in
Hollywood is Jew-owned. The Jews operate the theatres, restaurants, drug stores,
clothing stores— even the cigarette machines. A visit to the neighborhood theatres and
eating places will indicate even to the skeptic that Hollywood is predominately inhabited
by east-European Jews. In nearby Los Angeles, Hollywood is sometimes referred to as
"Kosher Valley"...

Because the Hollywood stars are the industry's stock-in-trade— its merchandise, so to
speak— they are mostly gentile. A given picture may have a Jew producer, a Jew director,
and Jew writer, but generally all the public sees is the prettied-up gentile actor. But even
this generalization is breaking down to an surprising degree. An amazing number of
actors (and almost all the bit players and extras) are either Jewish, or married to Jews.
In Hollywood many a blond Christian girl has found her way to stardom by marrying (or
going to bed with) a hook-nosed Khazar Jew. Here is a partial list of Hollywood stars
who are, or have been, married to Jews:

Doris Day (Melcher), Lili Palmer (Peiser), Janet Leigh (Curtis-Schwartz), Claudette Colbert
(Pressman), Anita Louise (Adler), Madge Evans (Kingsley), Jennifer Jones (Selznick), Joan
Bennett (Wanger), Alan Ladd (Carol-Lederer), Merle Oberon (Korda), Joyce Matthews (Berle),
Eleanor Parker (Friedlob), Norma Shearer (Thalberg), Ruth Roman (Hall-Schiff), Nancy Olson
(Lerner), Eleanor Holms (Rose), Gig Young (Rosenstein), Miriam Hopkins (Litvak), Myrna Dell
(Buchtel), Wendy Barrie (Meyer), Jean Howard (Feldman), Joan Blair (Coplin), Dick Powell
(Blondell), Gary Merrill (Jolson), John Loder (Lamar), Gale Sondergaard (Biberman), Norma
Talmadge (Schenck). There are many, many others.

Hollywood is in more ways than one the land of make-believe. The film industry can take a
pock-marked, flat-chested little Jewess out of the ghettoes of Poland and make her into a
glamour girl, envied and aped by millions. They straighten her nose, pull her teeth, bleach her
hair, give her a new complexion with make-up putty, paint on new lips, pad her bust and hips,
and adjust the microphones to give her a pleasing voice. A million dollar publicity campaign
does the rest. Frequently that is the formula by which a Jew-star is born.Here is a partial list of
Hollywood's Jew-stars (indicates communist front affiliation.):

Eddie Cantor*, Binnie Barnes (Gittel), Joan Blondell, Charlie Chaplin* (Thonstein),
Tony Curtis (Schwartz), Bette Davis*, Marlene Dietrich, Melvyn Douglas* (Hesselberg),
Deanna Durbin, John Garfield* (Garfinkle), Frankie Laine, Hedy Lamarr (Keisler),
Paulette Goddard*, Douglas Fairbanks* (Ullman), Judy Garland (Gumm), Judy
Holiday* (Tuvim), Paul Muni (Weisenfreund), Danny Kaye* (Kaminsky), Larry Parks*,
Groucho Marx*, Martha Raye, Edward G. Robinson* (Goldenberg), Kennan Wynn*
(Leopold), Ed Wynn, Farley Granger, Sylvia Sidney* (Koskow), Robert Merrill, The Ritz
Brothers, The Andrews Sisters, Henry Morgan*, Bobby Breen, Benny Baker* (Zifkin),
Jack Benny (Kubelsky), Mary Livingston (Marks), George Burns (Birnbaum), Gracie

Allen, Theda Bari (Goodman), J Edward Bromberg* (Bromberger), Kitty Carlisle, Sue
Carol (Lederer), Ricardo Cortez, Milton Berle, Sally Eilers, Mary Ellis, Al Jolson, Bert
Lahr, Francis Lederer, Lew Lehr, Jerry Lewis, Peter Lorre, Alice McMahon, Pola Negri,
Parkyakarkas (Harry Einstein), Luise Ranier, Gregory Ratoff, Victor Borge, Pinkey Lee,
Adolph Menjou, and Mischa Auer. (In fairness, the last two names are violently anti-
Communist. Menjou is married to a Christian woman, Auer is converted to Christianity.
Both have had difficulty in finding work because of their anti-Communistic stand).

Other Jew stars include: Sammy Kaye, Stella Adler, Morrie Amsterdam, Albert
Basserman, Polly Bergen, Elizabeth Bergner, Morris Carnovsky, Mary Ellis, Sydney Fox,
Sam Jaffe, Sam Levine, Noel Madison, Carmel Meyer, Maurice Mosovitch, Florence
Reed, Joseph Schildkraut, Sid Silvers, George Stone, Conrad Veidt, Lous Wolheim.
There are, of course, hundreds of others.

Propaganda in the Movies

For many years Hollywood limited its activities to the more subtle types of propaganda,
but in recent years this has changed. Hollywood has now committed itself to producing
at least four "race" pictures annually. Most of these pictures are destined beforehand to
lose money, and are made for purely propaganda purposes. Some are so inflammatory
they cannot be shown in certain sections of the United States.

Typical examples of this type of picture are: "Intruder in the Dust," "Pinky," "Crossfire,"
"Gentleman's Agreement," "No Way Out," and "Home of the Brave." Invariably these
pictures seek to inflame minority groups by portraying them as being abused and
persecuted by white "bigots." Such propaganda is frankly designed to arouse race hatred
among Negroes, Mexicans, Jews, and other so-called minority groups.

These people are being systematically taught to think and act in terms of race— they are
being taught a hate philosophy. But there is another aspect to this kind of propaganda.
While minorities are being taught race consciousness the white majority is instilled with
a sense of guilt for these "wrongs" committed against minority groups. We are taught
that consciousness of race is "un-American" and a manifestation of bigotry. We are told
that all races are the same, and that we should discard the concept of race.

In this respect, all Jewish propaganda squares exactly with the communist line. There is
a popular misconception to the effect that communism strives to set one race against
another. This is a half-truth, which means it is more dangerous than a lie. The one thing
communists fear more than anything else is a rebirth of race consciousness among the
great white majority of the Christian world The communists remember that the very
instant the German people became race-conscious, they turned with deadly fury against
Jewish-communism. They know the same thing could happen in this country.
Therefore, all communist— and Jewish— propaganda is directed in an effort to destroy
every vestige of race consciousness among the white people. That is what red
propagandists seek to achieve with their propaganda movies and their "tolerance
campaigns."

Communism vs. Zionism

One other question must be discussed briefly. This concerns whether or not all Jews are
communists. The answer is no. The reader will remember the earlier description of
Communism and Zionism taking hold among the Jews of the Pale of Settlement as
competitive movements after 1880. When the Bolsheviks took over Russia in 1917, they
sought to impose their way of thinking on the entire Jewish population. As Jews, the
Bolsheviks adhered to the belief that Jewish nationalism should be preserved, but they
believed it should be orientated toward communism. The Communists regarded
Zionism as an impractical scheme, wedded to British imperialism, and impossible of
achievement. The Zionists, consisting of the more religious and orthodox Jews,
stubbornly resisted this concept. As a result, the Communist Party established a special
Jewish section to deal with the Zionists. They attempted, with only partial success to win
over the children of the Zionists by prohibiting the teaching of Zionism to children
under twenty. Now before labeling this as "anti-Semitism," it should be remembered
that these were measures imposed by one section of Jewry upon other Jews, and it
should be remembered that Christians received no such preferential treatment.

This fight between Communists and Zionists has lasted right down to the present day.
When the state of Israel was formed, tens of thousands of Zionists were permitted to
emigrate from Russia and satellite territory to Palestine, in a move which still continues
at this writing. (We should note that non-Jews are NEVER permitted to emigrate from
Communist Russia). But communist authorities have been exceedingly reluctant to
permit young Jews to emigrate, and in many cases permission has been denied. Thus
the fight continues. But the reader should remember that this is a fight between Jews.
Whether Communists or Zionists, they still retain their Jewishness, and they stand
united against all non-Jews. And although they travel different paths, both Communism
and Zionism have the same common goal— domination of the world. Both work and plan
for the day when the "chosen race" shall "inherit the earth." (End of book)

Reproduction Note: Where pictures are omitted, also omitted are their captions). Britton's
96-page booklet is undated, but, judging by internal evidence— Korean War, but Stalin still
alive— was published about 1952, in the USA (The Americanized English spelling has been left
unchanged). Britton gives no autobiographical information, and we know nothing about him,
not even whether Britton was his actual name. (Could he have been a Frank Briton?) His booklet
is not very well produced, with spelling errors, slightly inept typography, and badly-reproduced
monochrome illustrations. There are 120 or so of these, including a few maps and pictures
relating to pre-20th century times, some photos from the Revolution, and many 'mug shots' of
contemporary American Jews. All are unaccredited, but appear to be from encyclopedias and
newspapers. Just a few of these pictures are scanned in, and two have been added from other
sources. This booklet deals mostly with Russia and the Russian Revolution, then the USA of
about 1950; there's a huge gap, missing the entire period of the 1930s and Second World War.
Possibly Britton had the main part of his text ready before the 1930s, and tacked on the final
part, on Iron Curtain dictators, atomic spies and Hollywood, later.